The Rwandan Genocide And Ethnic Conflict - 1768 Words

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.0 Introduction The Rwandan genocide has been a topic of discussion and study by many scholars, researchers and humanitarian bodies seeking to find the root cause of its happening. Some found out that deterioration in the political climate was the possible cause. Others argued that the Hutu elite were only safeguarding their political power from the Tutsis who had, under the colonial rule, oppressed the Hutus. The genocide was seen to be the best platform for settling scores between the two ethnic groups. The purpose of the study is to find out whether the Rwandan genocide was as a result of ethnic hostilities or other underlying reasons while focusing on its impact on the country’s economic, social, cultural as well as political spheres. It will also seek to fill the gap of knowledge on what could be done to reduce the occurrence of such conflicts. The African governments play a critical role in ensuring that policies are put in place to promote cohesion among the different ethnic groups that constitute the nation. The role might not have been well played hence the occurrence of the Rwanda genocide which was a massive blow on the African country. Ethnic difference might occur but how the leaders deal with them paves way for either peace of conflict. Leaders are the starting point, form the remarks they make during political rallies to their postings on social media. The international humanitarian bodies have a role to play in peacekeeping,Show MoreRelatedRwandan Genocide And Ethnic Conflict3296 Words   |  14 Pages the state of Rwanda was hurled into chaos as genocides took the lives of 800,000 people . Began by the Hutu political elite and its military support, their main targets were the Tutsi, and Hutu moderates. Many have claimed â€Å"ethnic hatred† as the reason of the Rwanda Genocide and while an ethnic split existed in Rwanda during the conflict, the causes for the genocide are numerous and complicated. In examining the Rwanda Genocide as an ethnic conflict it is crucial that ethnicity be inspected as itRead MoreGhosts of Rwanda Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesRwanda Reflection Does the Genocide in Rwanda have a singular cause? I do not believe so; the cause of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was due to years of built up hatred between the Tutsis and the Hutus along with many other occurrences. The Rwandan Genocide is no exception with many variables contributing to the horrific events that took place. According to the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda, in 1994, Rwanda experienced a premeditated, systematic and state sponsored genocide with the aim of exterminatingRead MoreA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages Thousands of people died. The only reason is because they were a different political party. There are terrible economies. People are suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didn’t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didn’t want to spend the money. Thousands of people could still be al ive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. RwandaRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide : A Perspective Analysis Through Media1166 Words   |  5 PagesJordon Jones Genocides in Comparative Historical Perspective 01:090:292:01 Professor Douglas Greenberg Final Paper 6 December 2015 The Rwandan Genocide: A Perspective Analysis Through Media â€Å"The Tutsis are collaborators with the Belgian colonists. They stole our land. They whipped us. Now they have come back, these Tutsi rebels. They are murderers. They are cockroaches. Rwanda is our Hutu Land. We must squash the infestation. This is RTLM, Hutu Power Radio. Stay Alert. Watch your neighborsRead MoreThe Rwanda Of The Rwandan Defence Force904 Words   |  4 Pagesterrorism; ethnic violence and a lack of proper governance. Each conflict has its own individual history, perpetrators, victims and bystanders with difficult answers on how to solve them. The post-genocide nation of Rwanda witnessed one of the most horrific events a nation could experience, genocide. However, it has rebuilt itself to become an example nation for transitional justice, political stability and economic development. Rwanda’s military capabilities within the institute of the Rwandan DefenceRead More Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. Although the indigenous peoples of Rwanda are the TwaRead MoreCase Study: Rwanda Genocide Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesStudy: Rwanda The conflict in Rwanda is probably the most well known and documented case of genocide since the holocaust. Through years of discrimination based on ethnic and class based differences, the population of Rwanda has been constantly entrenched in periods of fighting, refuge and genocide. In the following essay we will explore the background of the conflict. Specifically the historical implications, the parties involved the reasons for the fighting and the result of conflict. Next we willRead MoreChristianity and Genocide in Rwanda800 Words   |  4 Pages Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda by Timothy Longman discusses the roles of the churches in Rwanda and how their influence might have been able to alter the outcome of the genocide. He discusses the rise of Juvenal Habyarimana in politics with his Catholic background, church and state relations, and obedience to political authority. His slogan â€Å"Peace, Unity, and Development† were his political plans for Rwanda. On April 6, 1994, president Juvenal Habyarimana’s plane was shot down marking the beginningRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide was one of the most violent genocides in the history of the world and was intricately planned and implemented by the ethnic group called the Hutu in an attempt to eliminate another, the Tutsis. Though the genocide lasted only one hundred days, the number of deaths is estimated to be approximately 800,000. In the wake of the genocide, mass chaos plagued the country of Rwanda, deepening the divide between the groups Hutu and Tutsi. Although it can be said the genocide was causedRead MoreWhat was the Cause of the Rwandan Genocide?1116 Words   |  5 PagesWhat was the cause of the Rwandan Genocide? The assassination of the president of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana on April 6, 1994, was the event that started the 100 Day massacre of the Tutsis by the Hutus, known as the Rwandan Genocide. The objective of this investigation is to find out the root of the cause of the Rwandan Genocide. The body of evidence will investigate the history of the conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups and the events leading up to the genocide. The evidence includes

Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(29) " to increased blood volumes\." The scenario concerns the survey of blood force per unit area scientific discipline and ordinance in the content of high blood pressure. Following, each aim is stated and so analyzed. A 31 twelvemonth old adult male goes to his GP because he has started to hold terrible concerns that come on all of a sudden at assorted times during the twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is a fiscal analyst who works in a bank in Canary Warf. Many of his co-workers have been made redundant but he has kept his occupation, although his line director has made it clear that he may lose it in the following few months if the state of affairs does non better. He says he works at least 15 hours a twenty-four hours and his matrimony is enduring because of this. He is seeking to give up smoke ( 1-2 battalions per twenty-four hours ) but the emphasis of work has made this hard. He goes with friends out to a wine saloon on a regular basis and admits to imbibing to a great extent one time or twice a hebdomad. Further oppugning reveals that his male parent died aged 61 from a shot. On scrutiny he is found to hold a BMI of 34 and a blood force per unit area of 190/125 mmHg. Retinal scrutiny shows some abnormalcies ( â€Å" silvering † ) in the blood vass. After look intoing the blood force per unit area reading on two farther occasions the GP suggests that his jobs are r elated to conceal blood force per unit area and refers him to the local high blood pressure clinic. After undergoing farther trials at the clinic he is started on drug therapy and given lifestyle advice. What is blood force per unit area and how is it regulated? Oxford medical dictionary defines blood force per unit area as â€Å" the force per unit area of blood exerted on the walls of blood vass † ( 1 ) . The maximal blood force per unit area exerted during systole when blood enters the aorta is called â€Å" systolic † whereas the minimal force per unit area exerted when aortal valves near during diastole is called â€Å" diastolic † . Figure 1 shows the alterations in force per unit area in aorta during cardiac rhythm bespeaking the systolic and diastolic force per unit areas. Fig. 1 – Systolic and diastolic force per unit areas ( 2 ) Blood force per unit area in the organic structure must be maintained in the normal degrees non merely to keep perfusion of blood to all the organic structure but besides to forestall unwanted complications due to high blood force per unit area. Therefore, the blood force per unit area should stay inside a scope of values. However, blood force per unit area frequently changes. During physical exercising higher force per unit area facilitates greater perfusion in the musculuss providing them with more O. Blood force per unit area depends on two chief parametric quantities: Cardiac end product ( C.O ) : Cardiac end product which is the sum of blood pumped from the bosom per minute depends on the shot volume and the bosom rate. Entire peripheral opposition ( T.P.R ) : It is the entire opposition exerted by the peripheral vasculature. This chiefly depends on the radius of the vass – narrower vass exert greater opposition. The above are linked with the undermentioned equation: M.A.P = C.O x T.P.R From the above relationship it is obvious that by altering the values of C.O or T.P.R the blood force per unit area ( average arterial force per unit area ) can alter every bit good. Based on this, three chief mechanisms are used to modulate blood force per unit area when it lies outside the normal scope: Neuronal system – Baroreceptors This is chiefly used for short term ordinance of blood force per unit area. Baroreceptors are detectors found in the internal carotid arteria ( carotid fistula ) and on the aorta ( aortal fistula ) ( 3 ) . These are detectors that can observe differences in stretch in these arterias bespeaking differences in blood force per unit area. These detectors are innervated by the Vagus ( X ) and glossopharyngeal ( IX ) nervousnesss which travel up to cardioinhibitory and vasomotor centre in the myelin of the encephalon. Increase in blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) increases the fire of baroreceptors to the vasomotor centre. This causes a lessening in the sympathetic nervous outflow doing relaxation of the arteriolas, therefore diminishing T.P.R. In add-on, the cardioinhibitory Centre increases the parasympathetic activity decelerating down the bosom rate, therefore cut downing C.O ( 4 ) . Consequently the M.A.P is decreased. The contrary applies when blood force per unit are a is low ( hypotension ) . Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the baroreceptor physiological reaction. Fig. 2 – Baroreceptor physiological reaction ( 5 ) Hormonal system – RAAS system This system is for longer term ordinance of blood force per unit area every bit good as blood volume. Figure 3 presents the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System. Aldosterone Secretion Angiotensinogen Angiotensin II Angiotensin I Fig. 3 – RAAS ( 6 ) In the kidneys Low Na concentration in the distal tubing, which indicates low blood force per unit area, is detected by sunspot densa cells. Furthermore, autumn in nephritic perfusion is detected by the juxtaglomerular setup. A bead in either of these two causes the release of renin from the kidney. In the pneumonic circulation renin is used to change over angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is so split into Angiotensin II which is a vasoconstrictive. It besides acts on the adrenal secretory organs to let go of aldosterone. Aldosterone is a endocrine that increases the synthesis of Na+/K+-ATPase, therefore increasing Na and H2O resorption. On the whole, this mechanism increases both the volume of the blood and T.P.R to overall increase the force per unit area ( 7 ) . Atrial Natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) This is once more a hormonal manner of blood ordinance. Specialized atrial myocytes can feel increased stretching of the atrial walls of the bosom due to increased blood volumes. You read "Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" These let go of the ANP endocrine which decreases the release of chymosin in the blood ensuing in a lessening in the activity of RAAS. In add-on, it causes increased force per unit area in the capsule of the kidney by coincident relaxation of the afferent arteriola and bottleneck of the motorial arteriola so as to increase glomerular filtration rate. Define and sort high blood pressure. How is high blood pressure measured? WHO on its ain definition of high blood pressure states the followers: â€Å" Blood force per unit area, like tallness and weight, is a uninterrupted biological variable with no cut-off point dividing normotension from high blood pressure. The uninterrupted relationship between the degree of blood force per unit area and cardiovascular hazard makes any numerical definition and categorization of high blood pressure slightly arbitrary. Therefore, a definition of high blood pressure is normally taken as that degree of arterial blood force per unit area associated with doubling of long-run cardiovascular hazard † ( 8 ) High blood pressure can be classified in different ways harmonizing to the standards of categorization. Depending on the cause high blood pressure is classified in ( 9 ) : Essential – Primary high blood pressure: the cause in unknown. Secondary high blood pressure: there is an underlying obvious cause. Depending on the existent blood force per unit area degrees, British Hypertension Society guidelines sort Hypertension as presented on the tabular array below ( Fig.4 ) : Fig. 4 – British Hypertension Society categorization of blood force per unit area degrees ( 10 ) Sphygmometer is used to mensurate blood force per unit area of the brachial arteria. However, a individual elevated reading on scrutiny does non bespeak high blood pressure. This might be due to anxiousness and addition of sympathetic activity. This state of affairs is called the â€Å" white coat syndrome † . As a consequence, blood force per unit area must be measured more than one time every bit good as measured at place when the patient is relaxed. What are the physiological causes of high blood pressure? To get down with, it is indispensable to understand the scientific discipline behind the haemodynamics in order to be able to understand the physiological causes of high blood pressure: Independently of the cause, high blood pressure develops as a effect of one of the followers: High Intravascular volume: This means that there is a high volume of blood in the circulation that increases the venous return in the bosom. Consequently, this increases the preload and therefore the C.O taking to elevated blood force per unit area as described in the first aim. High intravascular volume may be due to increased H2O and salt keeping because of high angiotonin II and aldosterone concentrations, or nephritic tissue harm. Increased venous return: In this instance the intravascular volume is normal but there is increased venous tone which once more increases the venous return to the bosom. Abnormal arterial wall: This implies either reduced radius of arterial lms or decreased conformity. The first is true in increased sympathetic activity and atheromatous plaques formation. The latter is true in reduced snap and collagen replacing due to increased age or harm due to substances such as smoke. Merely 5-10 % of instances have an underlying obvious cause of high blood pressure. As mentioned earlier high blood pressure is categorized based on cause as follows: Essential In indispensable high blood pressure there is no obvious cause for high blood force per unit area. There is a assortment of hazard factors taking to this type of high blood pressure that will be explained subsequently. Different researches over the old ages have concluded to some theories that might explicate indispensable high blood pressure. These are ( 11 ) : High sympathetic tone: Increased sympathetic tone even when the individual is relaxed causes vasoconstriction of the arteriolas and finally hypertrophy of the smooth musculus in the vass. High salt in diet: High salt in diet has been related to keeping of H2O, increased blood volume and therefore high blood pressure Stress: As in our instance, emphasis increases the activity of sympathetic system. Stress for long periods causes hypertrophy of smooth musculus in arteriolas and contracting of their lms so that high blood pressure remains even in stress free periods. A combination of the above may be. Secondary Secondary high blood pressure may hold several causes as explained below: Nephritic disease: On one manus secondary high blood pressure may be due to stricture of a nephritic arteria. This triggers the RAAS system and increases blood force per unit area. On the other manus there may be devastation of the nephritic tissue taking to inability of kidneys to egest necessary sum of H2O or salt taking once more to high blood pressure. Endocrinological tumors: Tumours of secretory organs that secrete endocrines such as aldosterone. Hyperaldosteroinism ( Conn ‘s syndrome ) can take to hyper-secretion of aldosterone doing greater resorption of H2O and Na than normal ( 12 ) . Congenital aortal deformity: This is constriction of aorta which is fundamentally the narrowing of aorta, ensuing in reduced nephritic perfusion and activation of the RAAS system Combined Oral preventive pills: This is a type of drug induced high blood pressure. In this instance oestrogen administrated as a portion of the preventive pill acts as a vasoconstrictive and besides increases angiotensinogen ( 4 ) . Eclampsia – Pregnancy: Although the grounds behind this are non wholly clear, pre-eclampsia may be due to placental disfunction every bit good as immune response of the female parent against the placental tissue conveying about high blood pressure ( 13 ) . Hazard factors There are a figure of hazard factors responsible for developing high blood pressure which have been supported by a assortment of surveies. A survey published on 2006 based on informations collected on a population of American Indians indicates some of the undermentioned as hazard factors for high blood pressure ( 14 ) . These can be extrapolated for the general population. Hazard factors are non merely familial but besides environmental factors. Most of the below are true in our PBL scenario: African lineage Sexual activity gender – males: A research published late on Hypertension diary provinces that mistake signals in commanding of the sympathetic system exist between the two genders giving differences in the controlling of blood force per unit area ( 15 ) . Increasing age Low societal category High salt consumption, high fat diet Stress Fleshiness Chronic conditions such as diabetes, nephritic diseases, sleep apnoea. High intoxicants intake Smoking No exercising What are the symptoms and what are possible complications of high blood pressure? High blood pressure is known as the â€Å" soundless slayer † as most of the times is symptomless until it develops sudden complications such as shots or bosom onslaughts that can take to decease ( 16 ) . Often, the high blood pressure is non detected until a random look into up modus operandi is taken. However some people may see the followers: Dizziness Blurred vision ( due to damage of the retina of the oculus ) Concern Long-standing high blood pressure will finally do coronary artery disease with all the possible effects of the disease. Furthermore, it causes reconstructing – hypertrophy of the bosom taking to more dangerous state of affairss. Serious complications of high blood pressure are: Nephritic decease ( 17 ) : It can take to weakened or narrowed blood vass in kidney impairing its map. Stroke: Vessels of the encephalon may split or non good perfused taking to stroke. Heart onslaught: The bosom has to work harder to pump blood against greater force per unit area. This may develop bosom failure and inability of the bosom to pump blood to cover organic structure ‘s demands. Aneurysms: May do pouching in arterias taking to tearing them Vision loss: Due to damage of the little fragile vass of the oculus. What are the intervention and lifestyle alterations for the patient? A combination of drug intervention and lifestyle alterations is necessary for bar of the complications listed above ( 18 ) . The following table lists interventions and the mechanism they work. Drug Category Drug name Mechanism ACE inhibitors Enalapril They block the transition of angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I and therefore barricade the RAAS. Diuretic drugs Thiazides They increase the sum of H2O and salts excreted in the piss so that they decrease blood volume. I ±-blockers Doxazosin They work by barricading I ±1-adrenoreceptors on the walls of blood vass so that they cause vasodilatation. I?-blockers Atenolol They block I?1- adrenoreceptors on the bosom diminishing bosom rate and shot strength, therefore diminishing cardiac end product and finally force per unit area. CaC blockers Nifedipine They block the Ca channels forestalling Ca come ining the cell. As a consequence they prevent vasoconstriction. In add-on to the drug therapy the patient has to watch his diet by cut downing the Na and fat consumption. Exercise should go portion of his life and surcease of smoke and restricting intoxicant ingestion are necessary. Patient has to restrict his emphasis every bit much as possible and regular monitoring of blood force per unit area can be life salvaging. How to cite Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Cases and Commentary on Tort

Question: Discuss about the Cases and Commentary on Tort. Answer: Introduction When one person fails to exercise the necessary care which a reasonable person would take in a similar case, it is the case of negligence. In case such negligence results in an injury or harm to the other person, the other person is eligible to remedies. These remedies are provided under the Tort Law in Australia (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). In the following segments, the various aspects of negligence applicable on the given case have been discussed. Case In the given case, Rebecca and Michelle drank wine to pass time. Rebecca knew that Michelle was very drunk and still, she accepted a ride home from her. Because of the dangerous driving of Michelle, an accident occurred in which Rebecca sustained serious injuries. Rebecca had asked Michelle to get out of the car twice. But Michelle did not listen to her and continued driving. The main issue in this case is the options available with Rebecca regarding the negligence of Michelle which resulted in serious injuries. As per the Common Law, the driver of a vehicle owes a duty of care to its passengers as well as the various users on the road. The Tort Laws holds a person in negligence when this duty of care is not discharged properly, especially when it results in an injury. However, the Common Law also holds that the aggrieved party owes the duty of care to take care of themselves. In case the plaintiff fails to discharge this duty, they are held liable on the basis of contributory negligence. When the injury is caused by the own fault of the plaintiff and partly because of the fault of the defendant, it is the case of contributory negligence (Magnus, et al., 2004). This concept holds that the injury was caused because the plaintiff did not take the necessary care for their own protection. And for this reason, the plaintiff cannot seek remedies against the defendant (Levinson, 2002). Volenti non fit injuria is one of the concepts where the defendant cannot be held liable for the mistakes of plaintiff. According to this concept, the plaintiff undertakes the risks voluntarily, even when they are aware that such risk may result in an injury. In the case of ICI Ltd v Shatwell [1965] AC 656, the House held that the actions of the plaintiff amounted to volenti non fit injuria (Swarb, 2016). The concept of volenti non fit injuria holds that the plaintiff has to take the responsibility for their action. And where their actions resulted in an injury, they cannot claim negligence under the Tort Law. In the case of Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 3 All ER 86, this concept was affirmed and the defendant was not held liable for the breach of duty of care towards its employees (Pearson, 2016). In the cases of drunk driving, the ability of the driver is impaired due to intoxication and results in accidents. When the plaintiff is also inebriated and accepts a ride from the drunk driver, it results in contributory negligence. Also, the concept of volenti non fit injuria applies on such passenger (Harvey and Marston, 2009). The passenger must take the necessary care for their own wellbeing. Voluntarily accepting lift from an intoxicated person proves that the necessary care was not taken to safeguard their own interests. The defendant also has a duty of care towards their passengers as they are ultimately in charge of the vehicle. Unless a plaintiff is aware about such intoxication, he cannot be held liable for a breach of duty of own care. And in these cases, the defendant is held liable for negligence. So, to establish the fault of defendant, the plaintiff has to show that they had no knowledge about the intoxication. The facts of the present case are identical to the case of Insurance Commissioner V Joyce [1948] HCA 17; (1948) 77 CLR 39 (Shircore, 2007). In this case, the High Court held that the defendant, who was an intoxicated driver, did not breach the duty of care towards his passengers. The judge held that the passenger knew that the driver was inebriated, and yet he voluntarily undertook the services of the driver. So, the passenger here cannot complain about the improper driving as there is no breach of duty in this case. Applying the above concepts and cases to the present case, it can be held that Rebecca would not succeed in her claim of negligence, for loss, against Michelle. Rebecca had voluntarily accepted the services of Michelle for dropping her home. Further, Rebecca was aware that both she and Michelle were drunk as they had consumed the liquor together. In order to successfully claim against Michelle, Rebecca needs to show that she had taken the necessary precautions to safeguard herself. Rebecca had twice asked to get out of the car and she can use this defense against the contributory negligence and volenti non fit injuria. This defense of Rebecca would not succeed. She had failed to take duty of care when she had the opportunity to do so. After watching Michelle driving dangerously she asked to stop her. But it is an established fact that an intoxicated driver is unable to drive properly as the driving gets impaired due to intoxication. So, Rebecca had already failed on the duty of care. Conclusion Based on the above application of the laws and the cases, it can be concluded that Rebecca does not have any remedy available with her on the basis of a claim of negligence, which resulted in a loss. Further, she would be held liable for volenti non fit injuria and contributory negligence. So, it is advised to Rebecca to not sue Michelle, as the Court would hold her equally guilty in the present case. References Shircore, M. (2007) Drinking, Driving And Causing Injury: The Position Of The Passenger Of An Intoxicated Driver. Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal, 7(2). Pearson. (2016) Defences to negligence. [Online] Pearson. Available from: https://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/Cooke_C09.pdf [Accessed on 15/09/16] Swarb. (2016) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd V Shatwell; Hl 6 Jul 1964. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/imperial-chemical-industries-ltd-v-shatwell-hl-6-jul-1964/ [Accessed on 15/09/16] Magnus, U. et al. (2004) Unification of Tort Law: Contributory Negligence. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Levinson, J. (2002). Contributory Negligence. UK: EMIS Professional Publishing Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 256-259 Singh, S.P. (2010). Law of tort: Including Compensation Under the Consumer Protection Act. 5th ed. New Delhi: universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., pp 32-43 Trindade, F.A., Cane, P., and Lunney, M. (2007). The Law of Torts in Australia. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

John Marshall and the Supreme Court free essay sample

Marshall always spoke very intelligently. When conversing with Marshall, Jefferson said, l never admit anything. Or you will be forced to grant his conclusion. (Glen non) He was easily able to discuss with the justices about not descending and politicking from the bench. Marshall spoke frequently about how the court should act and think as one. He succeeded in bringing the justices of the Supreme Court together the rough his intelligent speeches and persuasive manner.Marshals persuasive manner contributed to convincing the justices that writing one opinion instead of each justice writing his own would be more effective. This custom gave the judicial pronouncements a forceful unity they had formerly lacked (MouseKey 25). This change allowed Marshall to write the majority of the opinions. Out of 1 006 decisions Marshall wrote 508. One Of those decisions, judicial review, was the most important ever written. The Supreme Court had two choices as to what to do about Mammary vs. We will write a custom essay sample on John Marshall and the Supreme Court or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .Madison. They could order delivery of the commissions and risk being ignored or they could not support Mammary and look weak to all. This placed the court in a very compromising position but Marshall uses his immense intellect to gain the courts the respect and power it deserves. Marshall realized the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction over this case. Article 1 3 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the article that provides the court with the power to issue a writ of mandamus, is unconstitutional.This article is unconstitutional because original jurisdiction is defined in the Constitution and Congress does not have the power to add to it unless through a constitutional amendment. The court was in the delightful position, Job rejecting and assuming power in a single breath, for the Congress had tried to give the judges an authority they could not constitutionally accept and judges high-minded refusing (MouseKey 27). Marshall could have ended the case eight there but decided against that and managed to initiate the power the Supreme Court holds today.By denying the power to issue a writ of mandamus, Article 13 of the Jud iciary Act of 1 789, and then assuming the power to declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional, judicial review, the courts began receiving the respect and power they deserved. This provided the Supreme Court with the power of checks on legislative laws that were passed. It showed the general public that the courts do have power in the grand scheme things. Marshall supplied the Supreme Court with this vast power yet it wasnt used again until 857. The Supreme Court decision established the court as its own entity.Marshall used the decision to give the court independence from the other branches. It also gave the Supreme Court independence from state courts. The Supreme Court can now only hear cases specified in its original jurisdiction written in the Constitution. Marshall believed that if the Supreme Court had not established its independence the court system altogether would have collapsed. It would have been overpowered by the other branches of the government. Mammary vs.. Madison was very significant in shaping the Supreme Court the ay it is today.Today the Supreme Court deals with the agenda of the nation. The Supreme Court is the policy maker of the nation; making policies on issues such as abortion, affirmative action, and prayer in school. The Supreme Court Justices decide monumental cases such as Roe vs.. Wade. John Marshall was to the Supreme Court what George Washington was to the nation. George Washington made the nation something to be proud of as an American; John Marshall did the same for the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshal and his decision Of judicial review forever changed the court system.

History of the Textile Industry

History of the Textile Industry The major steps in the manufacture of textiles and clothes are: Harvest and clean the fiber or wool.Card it and spin it into threads.Weave the threads into cloth.Fashion and sew the cloth into clothes. Great Britains Lead in Textile Machinery During the early eighteenth century, Great Britain was determined to dominate the textile industry. Laws forbade the export of English textile machinery, drawings of the machinery, and written specifications of the machines that would allow them to be constructed in other countries. Britain had the power loom, a steam-powered, mechanically-operated version of a regular loom for weaving. Britain also had the spinning frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns at a faster rate. Meanwhile the stories of what these machines could do excited envy in other countries. Americans were struggling to improve the old hand loom, found in every house, and to make some sort of a spinning machine to replace the spinning wheel by which one thread at a time was laboriously spun. American Failures with Textile Machinery and the American Textile Industry Flounders In 1786, in Massachusetts, two Scotch immigrants, who claimed to be familiar with Richard Arkwrights British-made spinning frame, were employed to design and build spinning machines for the mass production of yarn. The inventors were encouraged by the U.S. government and assisted with grants of money. The resulting machines, operated by horse power, were crude, and the textiles produced irregular and unsatisfactory. In Providence, Rhode Island another company tried to build spinning machines with thirty-two spindles. They worked badly and all attempts to run them by water-power failed. In 1790, the faulty machines were sold to Moses Brown of Pawtucket. Brown and his partner, William Almy, employed enough hand-loom weavers to produce eight thousand yards of cloth a year by hand. Brown needed working spinning machinery, to provide his weavers with more yarn, however, the machines he bought were lemons. In 1790, there was not a single successful power-spinner in the United States. How Did the Textile Revolution Finally Happen in the United States? The textile industry was founded by the work and importance of the following businessmen, inventors, and inventions: Samuel Slater and MillsSamuel Slater has been called both the Father of American Industry and the Founder of the American Industrial Revolution. Slater built several successful cotton mills in New England and established the town of Slatersville, Rhode Island. Francis Cabot Lowell and Power LoomsFrancis Cabot Lowell was an American businessman and the founder of the worlds first textile mill. Together with inventor Paul Moody, Lowell created a more efficient power loom and a spinning apparatus. Elias Howe and Sewing MachinesBefore the invention of the sewing machine, most sewing was done by individuals in their homes, however, many people offered services as tailors or seamstresses in small shops where wages were very low. One inventor was struggling to put into metal an idea to lighten the toil of those who lived by the needle. Ready-Made Clothing It was not until after the  power-driven sewing machine  was invented, that factory production of clothes and shoes on a large scale occurred. Before sewing machines, nearly all clothing was local and hand-sewn, there were tailors and seamstresses in most towns that could make individual items of clothing for customers. About 1831, George Opdyke (later Mayor of New York) began the small-scale manufacture of ready-made clothing, which he stocked and sold largely through a store in New Orleans.  Opdyke was one of the first American merchants to do so. But it was not until after the power-driven sewing machine was invented, that factory production of clothes on a large scale occurred. Since then the clothing industry has grown. Ready-Made Shoes The Singer machine of 1851 was strong enough to sew leather and was adopted by shoemakers. These shoemakers were found chiefly in Massachusetts, and they had traditions reaching back at least to Philip Kertland, a famous shoemaker (circa 1636) who taught many apprentices. Even in the early days before machinery, division of labor was the rule in the shops of Massachusetts. One workman cut the leather, often tanned on the premises; another sewed the uppers together, while another sewed on the soles. Wooden pegs were invented in 1811 and came into common use about 1815 for the cheaper grades of shoes: Soon the practice of sending out the uppers to be done by women in their own homes became common. These women were wretchedly paid, and when the sewing machine came to do the work better than it could be done by hand, the practice of putting out work gradually declined. That variation of the sewing machine which was to do the more difficult work of sewing the sole to the upper was the invention of a mere boy, Lyman Blake.  The first model, completed in 1858, was imperfect, but Lyman Blake was able to interest Gordon McKay, of Boston, and three years of patient experimentation and large expenditure followed. The McKay sole-sewing machine, which they produced, came into use, and for twenty-one years was used almost universally both in the United States and Great Britain. But this, like all the other useful inventions, was in time enlarged and greatly improved, and hundreds of other inventions have been made in the shoe industry. There are machines to split leather, to make the thickness absolutely uniform, to sew the uppers, to insert eyelets, to cut out heel tops, and many more. In fact, division of labor has been carried farther in the making of shoes than in most industries, for there about three hundred separate operations in making a pair of sh oes.

Irrealis Were - Definition and Examples

Irrealis 'Were' s Definition In English grammar, irrealis involves the  use of were with a  subject  in the  first-person  singular or third-person singular  to  refer to an unreal or hypothetical condition or eventone thats not true or that hasnt occurred (e.g., If I  were  you, Id go home). In contrast to the more common use of were as a past-tense form (e.g., They were lost), irrealis were is a nontensed mood form, similar to the subjunctive. Irrealis  were  is sometimes called the were-subjunctive or (somewhat misleadingly) the past subjective. As Huddleston and Pullum point out, Irrealis were does not refer to past time, and there is no synchronic reason to analyse it as a past tense form (The Cambridge Grammar Of The English Language, 2002). Defined more broadly, irrealis refers to an event that hasnt occurred (or at least hasnt yet occurred), while realis refers to an event that has occurred. Examples and Observations I was telling Grant that  if I were an  alien and I came down to earth from some far-off planet, there are a few things I would notice about people, and the first thing I would notice is the way they looked, that is, if people looked different on my planet.(Donald Miller, Blue Like Jazz. Thomas Nelson, 2003)Roxanne stood talking to him with one long-nailed hand on his shoulder, the other at her hip as  if she were a  model at a trade show trying to sell him the grill.(Kate Milliken, The Whole World.  If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013)They took to looking at him as  if he were  on the other side of a dirty window.(Kate Milliken, Inheritance.If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013) If I werent  so broke and unsettled, Id adopt a dog tomorrow.(Andrea Meyer, Room for Love. St. Martins Griffin, 2007) Moodiness: The Subjunctive and the Irrealis Were Traditional grammarians get tripped up by the verb be because they have to squeeze two different forms, be and were (as in If I were free), into a single slot called subjunctive. Sometimes they call be the present subjunctive and were the past subjunctive, but in reality theres no difference in tense between them. Rather, the two belong to different moods: whether he be rich or poor is subjunctive; If I were a rich man is irrealis (not real). . . . In English [the irrealis] exists only in the form were, where it conveys factual remoteness: an irrealis proposition is not just hypothetical (the speaker does not know whether it is true or false) but counterfactual (the speaker believes its false). Tevye the Milkman [in the musical Fiddler on the Roof] was emphatically not a rich man, nor were Tim Hardin, Bobby Darin, Johnny Cash, or Robert Plant (all of whom sang If I Were a Carpenter) in any doubt as to whether they were carpenters. Counterfactual, by the way, need not mean outlandisho ne can say If she were half an inch taller, that dress would be perfectit just means known to be not the case. (Steven Pinker, The Sense of Style. Viking, 2014) An Exceptional Form This use of were is highly exceptional: there is no other verb in the language where the modal remoteness meaning is expressed by a different inflectional form from the past time meaning. The irrealis mood form is unique to be, and limited to the 1st and 3rd person singular. It is an untidy relic of an earlier system, and some speakers usually, if not always, use preterite was instead. (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum,  A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2005) AlsoSee Past SubjunctiveSubjunctive Mood

How far neuromarketing can go ethically Literature review

How far neuromarketing can go ethically - Literature review Example The key source to win such intensive battle i.e. capturing target audience’s attention was the use of highly targeted communication based on effective and thorough research along with the integration of science (4imprint, 2010). Traditionally, marketers and advertisers utilised focus groups and interviews to gain insights regarding the needs and wants of the consumers. With such techniques/tools, the marketers were able to read the mind of the consumers by gauging the responses which provided them with superiority in the marketplace. But with the changes in consumer-driven marketplace, organisations have started seeking out new methods and ways to gather consumer opinions and reactions regarding a particular brand in the marketplace (4imprint, 2010). With the improvements in technology, and with increasing research of the marketers, the result has been presented in the form of neuromarketing. Neuromarketing has been highly used and it has been estimated that the usage of neuro marketing will be increasing with the passage of time. It may sound futuristic, but with the advancement of technology in this new era, marketers have been provided with an opportunity to tap into the minds of the consumers. Not only this, these new technologies allow the marketers to scientifically understand the needs and desires of the consumers. With the integration of thorough research and science i.e. (technology), marketers and advertisers have gradually enhanced their ability to exactly pinpoint the reasons and causes due to which people tend to purchase a product. In addition, such technologies have uncovered the response of brain to various advertisement and marketing tactics (4imprint, 2010). Technology that organisations once fantasised is now a reality which has constantly helped the giant organisations like Campbell’s Soup and Pepsi to enhance their brand image along with the marketing of their products (4imprint, 2010). The concept of Neuromarketing came into e xistence almost a decade ago by an Atlanta Advertisement firm i.e. Bright house in June 2002, with a specific aim. The main aim of Neuromarketing was marketing research (Fisher et al., 2009). With the help of neuromarketing, the organisation was able to enhance its knowledge regarding the needs and desire of the customers along with the buying behavior of the consumers in the market. As Neuromarketing is a combination of neuroscience and marketing practices, it provides the organisation with perfect opportunity to understand, predict and eventually control human behavior. As indicated by Fisher et al. (2009) that the problem is based on the fact that such integration of sciences and research is quite unclear that is it only an academic field of research or business practices despite the advantages and benefits associated with neuromarketing through which organisations were able to predict human behavior and eventually consumer behavior. Similarly, Murphy et al. (2008) that several n euromarketing companies claim that with the help of neuromarketing, the organisations would be able to fully understand the buying behavior of consumers but on the other hand, very little academics and scientific approaches validate such claims. The question that has risen is whether such neuromarketing is another trick of marketers and advertisers to manipulate the demands of the products or it is just a practice to

International Supply Chain Management 342 research paper

International Supply Chain Management 342 - Research Paper Example Chain supply management regards the overall management of goods and products, from their place of origin, to the destination. According to Blanchard (2010), chain supply includes amongst others the storage and movement of raw materials from the source arenas keeping work-in-process inventories, and the eventual supply of finished products from the point of manufacture, to the market area for consumption. Towards meeting the needs of the consumer-base, various joint enterprises, channels and interlinked networks are vital. In this regard, supply chain management is defined as consisting of the design, pertinent planning, execution, management/control and constant monitoring of all supply-related activities; this with the main objective of creating net value for the firm enterprise. In the international chain-process, the building of a competitive infrastructure, the advantage of global logistics, the synchronization of existing supply to prevailing demand levels, and the eventual measurement of global performance standards are included. Thus, supply chain management (SCM hereon), draws majorly from the fields of: logistics, operations management, information technology and procurement; striving for an all-inclusive integrated approach. The integration of core business processes, especially across the supply chain, is for the main purpose of creating value for both the consumers and other stakeholders at large (Blanchard, 2010). As portrayed by the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), the process of supply chain management encompasses different aspects of the business enterprise. These include the sourcing and procurement of raw materials, followed by conversion into end products, and eventual logistics management. Thus, as Cooper, Lambert, & Pagh (1997) portray, inclusive in this regard is the coordination and subsequent collaboration with existing channel partners i.e. intermediaries, third-party service

The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Essay Example for Free

The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Essay John Locke was born in Wrington , Somerset , England on August 29 1704 to John Locke and Agnes Keene , who were both Puritans (Uzgalis 2001 , Wikipedia 2006 , Microsoft Encarta 2006 . His father , after whom he was named , served as captain of cavalry for the Parliamentarian forces in the early part of the English Civil War . His family later moved to Pensford and Locke grew up in a rural Tudor house in Belluton . He attended the Westminster School in London in 1647 under Alexander Popham , a member of Parliament and his father s former commander. Then he was admitted at the Christ Church College at Oxford University , where he developed greater interest in modern philosophy , such as Rene Descartes , than the school s classical material . He earned a bachelor s degree in 1656 , a master s degree in 1658 and a bachelor of medicine degree in 1674 . He worked with renowned scientists and thinkers , like Robert Boyle , Thomas Willis , Robert Hooke and Richard Lower . In 1666 , he met Anthony Ashley Cooper , the first Earl of Shaftesbury , who was then seeking treatment for a liver infection . Cooper got impressed with Locke and convinced him to move into Lord Ashley s home in 1667 as his personal physician . Locke then resumed his medical studies under Thomas Sydenham who would later influence Locke s thinking . Meantime , Locke coordinated with several other physicians on the life-threatening condition of Shaftesbury s liver condition and persuaded the latter to submit to surgery to remove the cyst . The surgery was successful and Shaftesbury credited Locke with saving his life . In that period , Locke served as Secretary of the Board of Trade and Plantations and as Secretary to the Lords and Proprietors of the Carolinas (Microsoft Encarta , Wikipedia , Uzgalis Shaftesbury was a founder of the Whig Movement and thus had great influence on Locke s political thinking (Wikipedia 2006 , Microsoft Encarta 2006 , Uzgalis 2001 . Locke got involved in politics when Shaftesbury became Lord Chancellor in 1672 . Around 1679 , Locke wrote his two treatises of government in defense of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and to oppose the philosophy of Sir Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes . While in the Netherlands in 1683 , he had the chance to rework his Essay and to compose his Letter on Toleration . After the Glorious Revolution , he accompanied the wife of William of Orange back to England in 1688 . He spent time at the country house of his friend , Lady Masham where he met and discussed matters with prominent thinkers like John Dryden and Isaac Newton . He had bouts of asthma and his health continued to decline until he died in 1704 . Locke never married or have any children . Main events , which occurred in his lifetime , were the English Restoration , the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London . He was unable to witness the Act of Union of 1707 although the same monarch ruled both England and Scotland in his lifetime . Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy were new during that period . Locke s influence was most marked on philosophy and politics , particularly liberalism , and specifically on Voltaire . His arguments on liberty and social contract had impact on the written works of Thomas Jefferson James Madison and other founding fathers of the United States . His critics say that Locke was a major investor in the English slave-trade through the Royal Africa Company and that he participated in the drafting of the Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas while serving as Shaftesbury s secretary . This Constitution , Locke s critics say established a feudal aristocracy and absolute power over slaves . They believe that Locke s statements on un-enclosed property as justifying the displacement of Native Americans . His opposition to aristocracy and slavery , expressed through his writings , is viewed as proof of his hypocrisy and his partiality for liberty only of English capitalists (Wikipedia , Microsoft Encarta , Uzgalis.

The Epic Poem, Beowulf - An Analysis of Structure :: Epic Beowulf essays

Beowulf – its Structure      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a considerable diversity of opinion regarding the structure of the poem Beowulf. This essay hopes to enlighten the reader on some of the opinions expressed by literary scholars on this issue.    The Cambridge History of English and American Literature states:    It is generally thought that several originally separate lays have been combined in the poem, and, though no proof is obtainable, the theory in itself is not unlikely. These lays are usually supposed to have been four in number and to have dealt with the following subjects: (1) Beowulf’s fight with Grendel, (2) the fight with Grendel’s mother, (3) Beowulf’s return, (4) the fight with the dragon (v1,ch3,s3,n16).    Alvin A. Lee in his essay, â€Å"Symbolic Metaphor and the Design of Beowulf,† basically agrees that there are four divisions in the poem’s structure:    Moving a little closer to the text but still thinking of it in terms of its overall design, one can recognize four [my italics] major myths or symbolic episodes, each of which is concentrated at appropriate points in the narrative but also extends its effect, with varying emphases, throughout the whole poem (148).    But Lee’s four divisions are not the same as the first-mentioned. Lee’s first part is climaxed with the construction of Heorot; the second part, as Grendel lays waste to Heorot; the third, Beowulf’s advent and victories over Grendel and mother; and fourth, the hero’s death and the return to chaos (148).    The three-part, or tripartite division, of Beowulf is more popular than the four-part division. F.P. Magoun, Jr. divided the poem into three separate stories designated as A, A-prime, and B. Magoun’s A corresponds to the events up to Beowulf’s return to the Geats; B, the dragon fight and ending. But A prime includes a variant or alternative version of the Grendel story that an Anglo-Saxon editor of the poem wished to preserve and fitted into his anthology of Beowulf poems(Clark 22). So Magoun would have three divisions to the structure of the poem rather than four. Agreeing with him are Brian Wilkie and James Hurt, editors of Literature of the Western World, state:    It is clear that the sequence of monster-fights provides the structure of the poem. . . .In this poem of a little over 3000 lines, roughly a thousand lines are devoted to each of the three monsters, and it has been suggested that Beowulf ws intended to be performed over three evenings, each devoted to a new monster (1273).

To Direct Or Not Direct Essay

In Hamlet, like in many of William Shakespeare’s plays, there are very few stage directions. This gives directors an unavoidable opportunity to manipulate the audience’s view of the characters and the plot. The director always has the option to change the dialogue but in Hamlet, since there is little stage direction, one can have many varieties of the same scene using the same dialogue. Being a tragedy, Hamlet involves many complex characters such as Hamlet and Ophelia. Hamlet is the son of the recently deceased king of Denmark, avenging his father’s death after the visit from his fathers ghost accusing Hamlets uncle as his murderer. Scene 3.1 involves the characters Hamlet and Ophelia that clearly have many internal emotions that can only be determined by their actions and tone. In scene 3.1, Hamlet recites his famous to be or not to be speech. In this speech Hamlet contemplates whether or not to live, â€Å"To be†(3.1.64), or to take his own life, â€Å"not to be† (3.1.64). Written in this play Claudius, Polonius, and Ophelia are directed to not exit but to withdraw before Hamlets soliloquy. One way to have this staged would be to have only Claudius and Polonius withdraw and hide behind a curtain while Ophelia watches Hamlet enter because Polonius only addresses Claudius when he says, â€Å"(Let’s) withdraw, my lord† (3.1.63). Hamlet would enter in subconsciously knowing Ophelia is in the room. As Hamlet does his soliloquy, he never makes eye contact with Ophelia. The reason for having Ophelia out with Hamlet rather than behind a curtain is to show the audience her change in mood as she considers Hamlets arguments he makes in his speech. At first she is focused on her task her father has given her and by the end she is questioning, â€Å"Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer/ The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,/ Or to take arms against a sea of troubles†(3.1.65-67). This scene is the turning point of Ophelia from sane to madness. This blocking for Ophelia is also foreshadowing her death. Staging how absorbed Ophelia is with Hamlets self-argument provides another and possibly greater reason she made the tragic decision of suicide. After Hamlet’s last line of his soliloquy there is a pause. Ophelia then snaps-out of her trance and then calls for Hamlets attention. Now back to her task of discovering the source of Hamlets madness, Ophelia takes out the letter. In this part of the scene it can either be directed so that Hamlet may know Claudius and Polonius are watching or he may not. Staging it so that he does know fro early on in his and Ophelia’s conversation makes this scene more dramatic. Ophelia being timid would hint to Hamlet that there must be someone watching. The curtain Claudius and Polonius hide behind moves just in time for Hamlet to respond to Ophelia, â€Å"No, not I. I never gave you aught†(3.1.105). Ophelia now nervous and unsure panics. She glances her head slightly enough for the audience to see she is looking at where her father and Claudius spy. â€Å"Where’s your father?†(3.1.141), Hamlet asks suspiciously and angrily. To show Ophelia nervousness she trembles as she responds and hopes Hamlet did not catch her looking at her father again. These subtle changes in direction and mood of the character make a huge impact of not only how the audience view each character but also changes their understanding of the play. If Ophelia were to confront Hamlet confidently and sure of herself, not only would it affect the audience’s view of Ophelia, but hamlet too. Hamlet would seem even crazier acting suspicious for no good reason. To be a director is to have the power to change an audiences perspective of a play that has been performed from either zero or over a million times or has been written a day ago or ages ago.

Effects and Information

There are multiple different health problems that may result from the presence of infectious microorganisms in recreational waters. Epidemiological studies have shown a number of adverse health outcomes such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, to be associated with fecally polluted recreational water. Evidence from the World Health Organization (2003), suggests that the most frequent adverse health outcome associated with exposure to fecally contaminated recreational water is enteric illness, such as self-limiting gastroenteritis.Most of the pathogenic water-borne organisms are acquired by ingesting contaminated water because they affect the digestive tract. Pathogenic organisms in feces such as Salmonella, Giardia, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium are known to cause gastrointestinal illnesses, skin, ear, and eye infections can also result from contact with contaminated water (Peeples, 2007). There has been a documented association of transmission of Salmonella paratyphi , the causative agent of paratyphoid fever, with recreational water use.Also, rates of typhoid in Egypt have been observed in among bathers from beaches polluted with untreated sewage (WHO, 2003). Other illnesses associated with recreational waters in the USA are listed below (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007): Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium in the same family as those that cause cholera. It normally lives in warm seawater because they require salt. Cryptosporidium is one of the most frequent causes of waterborne disease (drinking water and recreational water) among humans in the United States and can be life threatening in persons with weakened immune systems.Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterium in the same family as those that cause cholera. It lives in brackish saltwater and causes gastrointestinal illness in humans. V. parahaemolyticus naturally inhabits coastal waters in the United States and Canada and is present in higher concentrations during summer. Pseud omonas aeruginosa, often called Swimmer’s Ear, is frequently caused by infection with a germ. This germ is common in the environment and is microscopic so that it can’t be seen with the naked eye.Shigella bacteria may contaminate water if sewage runs into it, or if someone with shigellosis swims in or plays with it, Shigella infections can then be acquired by drinking, swimming in, or playing with the contaminated water. Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause the â€Å"stomach flu,† or gastroenteritis (in people. Noroviruses are found in the stool or vomit of infected people and people can become infected with the virus by eating food or drinking liquids that are contaminated with norovirus. Giardia intestinalis , a microscopic parasite which causes Giardia.Giardia causes diarrheal illness, and is a common cause of waterborne disease in humans in the United States. Current recreational water-quality guidelines are based on studies conducted in the 1970s a nd 1980s (Cabelli et al. 1975, 1979, 1982; Dufour 1984). The customary method used to measure recreational water quality require at least 24-48 hrs to culture fecal indicator bacteria colonies, such as Enterococcus spp. or Escherichia coli. The culturing along with counting the colony-forming units, makes it impossible for beach managers to assess the quality of waterwithin a single day. A significant drawback is that microbial water quality can change rapidly (Boehm et al. 2002). Guidelines based on indicator organisms that require almost two days to develop, the great diversity of pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by contaminated water, and the difficulty in addition to the cost of directly measuring all microbial pathogens in environmental samples (Wade, Calderon, Sams, Beach, Brenner, Williams, Dunfor, 2006), are likely to result in both unnecessary beach closings and the exposure of swimmers to poor-quality water.Also, current indicator microbes are based solely on fecal co ntamination and may not accurately assess the risk of disease due to countless other potential pathogens that cause skin, upper respiratory tract, eye, ear, nose, and throat diseases. A study done in 2004, estimated that up to 40% of beach closures are in error (Kim and Grant 2004). Earth911. com(n. d. ) provides the public with specific information regarding the most recent water quality conditions at local beaches. Beaches911 provides information generated and uploaded directly by local government agencies to include the type of bacteria detected, or why the warning is in place.Independent analysis or historical reporting of water quality is not provided by Beaches911. The Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act (BEACH Act) required EPA to develop and publish a list of discrete coastal recreation waters adjacent to beaches or similar points of access that are used by the public that specifies whether the waters are subject to a monitoring and notification program. EPA's BEACON, Beach Advisory and Closing Online Notification has the latest information that states have sent to the EPA. BEACON is a breakdown of monitored and unmonitored coastal beaches by county and answers the following questions:†¢ How many notification actions were reported and how long were they? †¢ What percentage of days were beaches under a notification action? †¢ How do 2007 results compare to previous years? †¢ What pollution sources affect monitored beaches? States and local governments decide whether to open or close a beach. They report that information to EPA, but because the states vary in how quickly the information is sent, the EPA doesn’t always have real-time reports. If BEACON doesn't have up-to-date information, anyone searching for beach information would need to find their state's information by contacting the regional EPA office.Although there is a lot of information about which beaches are tested and when, the different monitori ng agencies do not give specific information regarding water test results i. e. – type of bacteria detected, warning information regarding those results, and information describing the health risks of any detected environmental hazard. References Boehm A. , Grant S. , Kim J. , Mowbray S. , McGee C. , Clark C. ,et al. (2002). Decadal and shorter period variability of surf zone water quality at Huntington Beach, California. Environ Sci Technol 36(18):3885–3892. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://pubs.acs. org/doi/pdf/10. 1021/es020524u? cookieSet=1 Cabelli, V. , Dufour, A. , Levin, M. , McCabe L. , Haberman, P. , (1979). Relationship of microbial indicators to health effects at marine bathing beaches. Am J Public Health 69(7):690–696. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/picrender. fcgi? artid=1619103&blobtype=pdf Center for Disease Control, (2007). National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases. Retrieved 10 Ja nuary 2009, from http://www. cdc. gov/healthyswimming/water_illness_a_to_z. htm Earth911. com(n. d. ), Beaches911- Beach Water Quality.Retrieved 12 January 2009 , from http://www. earth911. org/waterquality/index. asp? cluster=0 Kim, J. , Grant, S. ,(2004). Public mis-notification of coastal water quality: a probabilistic evaluation of posting errors at Huntington Beach, California. Environ Sci Technol 38(9):2497–2504. Retrieved 11 January 2009, from http://pubs. acs. org/doi/pdf/10. 1021/es034382v Peeples, B. (2007). Why did my favorite beach close today?. Retrieved 10 January 2009, from http://earth911. com/blog/2007/07/19/beaches-july/ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA(n. d. ). Beach Monitoring and Notification.Retreived 12 January 2009, from http://www. epa. gov/waterscience/beaches/technical. html Wade, T. , Calderon, R. , Sams, E. , Beach, M. , Brenner, K. , Williams, A. , Dunfour, A. ,(2006). Rapidly Measured Indicators of Recreational Water Quality Are Predic tive of Swimming-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 114(1): 24-25. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://www. ehponline. org/realfiles/members/2005/8273/8273. pdf WHO (2003). Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. Retreived 12 January 2009, from http://whqlibdoc. who. int/publications/2003/9241545801. pdf

Critically analyse two curriculum pedagogical approaches Essay Example

Critically analyse two curriculum pedagogical approaches Essay Example Critically analyse two curriculum pedagogical approaches Essay Critically analyse two curriculum pedagogical approaches Essay The intent of this essay is to critically analyze two curriculum pedagogical attacks. The two attacks that will be discussed in this essay are Reggio Emilia and Montessori. There will be an in-depth analysis of the two doctrines and how they are different or similar to each other. It will besides include the differing positions on the image of a kid, function of the instructor and the inclusion of parents and household. There will besides be some treatment on the critics of both attacks and the relevancy to Te Whariki. Reggio Emilia ( RE ) is a little metropolis in the Emilia Romagna part of Northern Italy. After the Second World War the people of RE desperately needed to construct their lives, non merely materially, but besides socially and morally. In this clip there was a powerful force behind the development of early childhood services ( Thornton and Brunton, 2005 ) . The adult females wanted to construct a preschool to supply a new signifier of instruction that the following coevals would non digest inequality and unfairness. There was a strong sense of hope for the hereafter originating from the hardship of the past ( Thornton, 2005, p4 ) . The Reggio doctrine was developed and shaped by the societal and cultural influences in the country. Loris Malaguzzi was the inspiration behind the educational experience in Reggio Emilia. Maria Montessori was born in the twelvemonth 1870 in Central Italy. Harmonizing to Standing ( 1957, p45 ) Montessori was a strong minded, vibrant and determined kid, exposing the sort of independency so extremely valued in Montessori schools to this twenty-four hours . Montessori graduated as a physician in 1896 and was the first adult female in Italy to make so. In her early clinical experience she became a protagonist of societal reform, chiefly as it related to the well being of adult females and kids. She argued that heightening the quality of the environment in which kids lived was a manner of extinguishing poorness, inequality, unwellness, and criminalism. This statement became the foundations of Montessori s life s work. In 1907 she opened a school for slum kids. The school was called Children s House . It was an environment in which in kids from the slums were progressing quickly in larning. She than decided to abandoned her medical/academic callings and devoted her life t o advancing her educational method ( Feez, 2010 ) . Malaguzzi was a societal constructivist and was influenced by some of the most renown progressive pedagogues and psychologist such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Montessori, Dewey ( Edwards, 2003 ) . Malaguzzi includes Vygotsky s construct of Zone of Proximal as important to the foundations of kids teacher relationships. There is besides a value for the operation of idea and linguistic communication together in constructing symbolic representation of ideas, thoughts and feelings ( Berk, 2007 ) Malaguzzi believed that kids were social from birth, full of intelligence and active adventurers ( Gandini, 1997 ) . Montessori was influenced by the work of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Itard and Seguin. Montessori s involvement was more practical than theoretical, but her theoretical position was based on Rousseau s work. Like Rousseau she argues that kids think and learn otherwise so grownups. Montessori instruction gives kids freedom to research the environment through their senses but they are given small external counsel on what to pay attending to and how to believe about finds ( Feez, 2010 ) . To happen an attack that provided chances for freedom and at the same clip assisting kids adapt to society, Montessori looked at the work of Gallic physician Itard and Seguin. It was Seguin method which Montessori used successfully to learn deficient kids in the 1980s, and when she used the same attack in 1907 to educate street kids she was amazed at what unfolded. The RE doctrine was influenced by Malaguzzi. Malaguzzi emphasises that the theory which provides the underpinnings for the Reggio attack requires on-going communicating and duologue, instructors as co-researchers alongside kids, and revisiting thoughts, ushers and pattern. Children are seen as a community of scholars . It recognises the importance of ways in which kids learn and see each kid as gifted. Children with disablements have the full engagement into the construction and are spoken to as children with particular rights ( Gandini, 1997 ) . In the Reggio attack there is no preset course of study. Short term and long term undertakings are developed from kids s involvement, first manus experiences and their on the job theories about the universe ( Rinaldi, 2006 ) . Childs are encouraged to turn in competency to stand for and symbolize thoughts, feelings through any of the 100 linguistic communications. The instructor follows the kid s involvement and do non supply instructions for reading and authorship, nevertheless they promote emergent literacy as kids manipulate and communicate thoughts and feelings. As kids progress through the infant-toddler Centre, or preschool, they stay with the same instructors. This provides chances for a strong relationship between the staff, kids and their households to be nurtured over the long period. The RE attack identifies the environment as a 3rd instructor between kids, parent and instructors. Malaguzzi describes the physical environment and the handiness of resources as the merchandise of complex interactions, many of which can be realised merely when the environment is a to the full take parting component ( Thornton, 2005, p43 ) . Teachers in a Reggio Centre provide amiable environments which encourages geographic expedition, exchanges, and communicating. Montessori believed that her teaching method was based on logical, scienctific enquiry. Harmonizing to Montessori, from birth to three is the clip of the unconscious absorbent head whereas age three to six is considered as clip for the conscious absorbent head . In both these times, the kid seeks centripetal input, ordinance for motion, order and freedom to take and research deeply with reading in a carefully planned environment which encourages the kid to take good. In a Montessori schoolroom kids are in assorted groups crossing from birth to three old ages and instructors move with the kid through the three twelvemonth rhythm ( Feez, 2010 ) . The exercisings of practical life accomplishments are an of import portion of the course of study. It is based on ways people in the civilization relate to each other socially, every bit good as ways in which they complete mundane undertakings. Language besides relates to the exercisings of practical life, as kids use it in different ways to interact and pass on with others. In a Montessori position any resource that is unrelated to the educational intent of stuff has a possible to deflect and confound the kid ( Feez, 2010 ) . Children have limited freedom to what they can and can non make in a Montessori schoolroom, for illustration to be riotous, aggressive and disorderly. The Montessori environment is planned in front of clip to guarantee that kids have every bit much freedom and independency as possible. The attack emphasises on existent things in the environment which requires custodies on interactions. A Montessori schoolroom allows chances for meaningful acquisition in self chosen activities, and purposeful activities which requires concentration ( Feez, 2010 ) . The Reggio position of the kid is cardinal to its doctrine. The kid is referred to as a rich in possible, strong, powerful and competent . At the Centre of the teaching method is the kid who is confident in constructing relationships ; who holds his or her ain values ; who wants to be respected and valued for himself every bit good as keeping a regard for others ; who embodies a wonder and unfastened mindedness to all that is possible ( Thornton, 2005 ) . Childs are encouraged to develop their ain on the job theories of the universe and to research this in greater deepness. Children thoughts are respected so that kids feel fearless to do errors or retracing their thoughts. Self assurance and self image is fostered through treatment which promotes creativeness. The impression of the 100 linguistic communications was Malaguzzi s reading of recognizing the value of all signifiers of look and communicating in which kids interpret the universe and stand for their thoughts and theories. Montessori doctrine position kids as intelligent, active, world based ego regulation and ego righting. Montessori believed that in order for them to populate a quality life, they need to be prepared as competent, responsible and adaptative citizens who are life long scholars and job convergent thinkers. Children s free chosen activity is regarded as work . Through a Montessori lens kids s plant is seen as orientation towards future accomplishments and play that involves purposeful attempt and concentration. Montessori s position on penalties and wagess to do kids pay attending were regarded as forced and unnatural . She saw it as a signifier of bondage from which kids needed to be released ( Feez, 2010 ) . The instructors in both attacks portion a common end in childrearing. They both regard themselves as raisings, spouses and ushers to kids. They depend on the environment as a pedagogical tool which is carefully prepared and aesthetically delighting. Partnership with parents is extremely valued in both attacks. However their contrasting position on a kid s acquisition has lead them act different functions in a schoolroom. Reggio instructors are seen a scholar, enthusiastically seeking new cognition aboard kids. Children and instructors are seen as co-researches in mundane procedure instead than a specialized activity. They provide tools, stuffs, resources and supply aid when needed. Each category has two instructors who work collaboratively as a squad. The instructors plan in coaction with the pedagogista and the aterlierista. The pedagogista helps keep high quality criterions whereas the aterlierista promotes expression through different signifiers of media and symbol systems ( Vecchi, 2010 ) . Malaguzzi suggest that one time kids are helped to comprehend themselves as writers and intercessions, and to happen the pleasance of enquiry, there motive and involvement will spread out ( Edwards, Gandini, Forman, 1998 ) In a Montessori schoolroom instructors are considered as directors which refers to person who guides and draws others together. The function of the manager is to supply a prepared environment and connect kids with it. Montessori besides emphasised the function of an pedagogue as an perceiver instead than teacher. The method of observation still remains an of import constituent of Montessori teacher preparation boulder clay this twenty-four hours ( Torrence and Chattin-Mc Nicholas, 2009 ) . The purpose of the instructor is to assist and promote kids to be independent, derive assurance and adherent so that there are minimum grounds for instructors to step in ( Feez, 2010 ) . Teachers give kids lessons ( besides called presentations ) to demo kids how to utilize stuffs or how to move in the environment. Children are free to take activities after they have had a lesson on how to make the activity. They intervene every bit small as possible to let kids to do good picks. In both attacks parent/families play an of import portion in their kid s acquisition and development and are seen as spouses alongside instructors. They are included in all determinations refering their kid and their input is extremely valued. Parents receive extended description about their kids day-to-day life and advancement. Portfolios and other signifiers of kids work possibly displayed and sent place as cardinal intervals and passages ( Edwards, 1998 ) . Respecting relationships are considered one of the most indispensable constituents of the RE attack. The relationships established between parents, kids and instructors are cardinal elements in supports kids s acquisition and development. Relationships are built on reciprocal, necessitating common trust and regard. The Reggio term the teaching method of listening accents listening as openness and craft to value the point of others. The first preschools were founded by the parents as a symbolic of hope and desire of better hereafters for their kids. Therefore parental engagement has ever been of import portion of the Reggio attack. At the clip a kid enters an infant-toddler centre/preschool, the parents are considered as active participants in the on-going educational procedure. The programme is designed to do households experience at place and an of import portion of the construction. This gives educators the chance to acquire to cognize households and understand their alone position of their ain kid. The Montessori attack includes parent/families in larning that concerns their kid. Strong relationships are established between instructors and parents to follow the kid s advancement in place and schoolroom. Regular duologue and written feedback gives parents information about their kid s experiences and larning. Teachers provide suggestion on how parents can go on to utilize the Montessori attack at place. Parents are welcome to borrow resources and books and have many chances to larn about the Montessori doctrine and pattern. One unfavorable judgment to the RE attack is sing the function of instructors as co-researchers along side kids. Malaguzzi called this unfastened reappraisal method a circle of thought . The thought that kids learn through interactions and geographic expedition of thoughts with pedagogues is regarded as thinking critically about hard inquiries instead than problem work outing . Another unfavorable judgment is placed on the importance of the environment in the Reggio attack. The environment is referred to as the 3rd instructor . It is argued that if the Reggio focal point is on kids and interactions and the usage of infinite farther encourages and supports this interactions and that the course of study is adaptable to the altering involvement to the kid, so excessively does the design and environment alteration. Therefore the environment is a ship of gesture instead than an unchangeable landmark ( Rinaldi, 2006 ) . It is argued that Montessori instruction does non let kids the chance for learning to larn . In a Montessori position a kid had learned when they right finished the activity. It is an terminal province reached when the undertaking is mastered. Harmonizing to Crain ( 2011 ) in the real universe kids need to larn how to larn, to rapidly accommodate to altering environments and to make new environments. The Montessori attack does non let for critical thought or geographic expedition it is instead a method of flawlessness. Freedom for enterprise and creativeness is limited. Teachers have house regulations about how undertakings are done, and a kid finds a manner to pull strings the stuff which they are happy with, the instructor would non see this satisfactory. The instructor will so promote the kid to maintain working on the same activity until is completed the manner it should be. This hinders kids imaginativeness and creativeness ( Gardner, 1966 ) . Finally, both attacks make important links Te Whariki. The rules of Family and Community and Relationships shows relevancy to both attacks as parent/family are considered partners in the acquisition of their kids. The strand of good being and belonging is apparent in both attacks, as instructors support each person kid larning and development. Well being ( Goal 1 ) supports the Montessori pattern of practical accomplishments where the kids learn ego aid and self attention accomplishments ( Ministry of Education, 1996 ) . The strand of Contribution supports RE pattern to research as groups or persons. Each kid has the chance to show their thought. Group undertakings encourage kids to larn with and along side others. The strand of Communication relates more to Reggio Emilia, than it does to Montessori pattern. Communication and duologue is an of import tool which instructors use to widen kids s acquisition. Teachers support and let kids to be originative and expressive. This end of non verbal and verbal communicating shows relevancy to the Hundred Languages ( Edwards, 1998 ) . The strand of geographic expedition is besides more relevant to the Reggio Emilia attack than Montessori, as Montessori is more structured and undertakings are demonstrated on how it should be done , therefore it does non truly let for geographic expedition. Exploration is seen a critical construct in the Reggio attack as instructor recognise the of import of self-generated drama and let kids to follow their involvement in more deepness. Teachers become co-researchers with kids to develop working theories and do sense of the universe ( MOE, 1996 ) In decision, RE and Montessori are both child-centred attacks and have many similarities every bit good as differences. Both attacks were established to turn away from violence/war and to give kids the chance to gain their full potency as originative, intelligent persons. In both attacks kids are viewed as active spouses in their ain development and acquisition. The environment serves as a pedagogical tool for instructors to supply an aesthetically delighting environment which provides kids with freedom and chances for geographic expedition. The instructor plays an of import portion in both attacks ; nevertheless their contrasting positions on the nature of kids and their learning take them to move different functions. A Reggio Teacher regards themselves as co-researchers alongside kids, whereas a Montessori instructor sees themselves as a director or observer . In both attacks parents are seen as equal spouses in their kid acquisition and development. Overall, the Reggio Emilia attack provides kids with chances for unfastened ended geographic expedition, whereas the Montessori attack is more structured and aims to supply chances for kids to take freely and derive independency.

The Ultimate Guide to Applying to Caltech

Known for its incredibly strong science and engineering programs, the California Institute of Technology is recognized worldwide as one of the top universities in the nation . Caltech boasts prestigious academic programs, renowned faculty, and a strong emphasis on research. Every year, these qualities, among others, draw thousands of applicants to the school. Caltech was originally founded as Throop University in 1891, and was renamed in 1920. Located in Pasadena, California, Caltech provides students with strong academic offerings and incredible research opportunities. Caltech prides itself on its emphasis on undergraduate teaching, has one of the lowest student-to-faculty ratios in the country. Approximately 300 faculty members teach 1,000 undergraduate and 1,250 graduate students. The Caltech faculty members are leaders in their fields, and among them are 34 Nobel Prize winners. Caltech is also home to numerous prestigious programs related to science and engineering. For instance, the Institute is in charge of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and operates â€Å"large-scale research facilities such as the Seismological Laboratory and a global network of astronomical observatories, including the Palomar and W. M. Keck Observatories†. Are you interested in applying to Caltech? In this post, we’ll walk you through the Caltech application and provide you with the tips, tricks, and insights you need to make your application to Caltech stand out. Caltech is a highly selective school when it comes to admissions. In the 2014-2015 admissions cycle, Caltech received over 6,500 applications. It accepted approximately 9% of those applications. 241 students ultimately enrolled in the Caltech Class of 2019. 54% of those students identified as male, and 46% identified as female. 15% were identified as being of underrepresented race or ethnicity, and 7% were international students. On the old SAT scale , the middle 50% range for Caltech was 2230-2340. The middle 50% for ACT scores was 34-35. The middle 50% range for the SAT Math Level 2 subject test was 790-800. 99% of the members of the Caltech Class of 2019 graduated in the top tenth of their class, and all graduated in the top quarter of their class. Caltech offers two programs under which you can apply: Early Action and Regular Decision. Caltech’s Early Action program is not binding, meaning that if you admitted under Early Action, you are permitted to apply to other and consider other schools. You also do not have to respond to Caltech’s offer until Decision Day, May 1st. The deadline to apply to Caltech under Early Action is November 1, 2016, and applicants will receive their decision in mid-December. The deadline to apply under Regular Decision is January 3, 2017, and applicants will receive their decision in mid-March. Caltech requires that applicants have taken the following courses, or be enrolled in them at the time of their applicants: four years of math, including calculus; one year of physics, one year of chemistry; three years of English, with four years recommended; one year of U.S. history/government, although this requirement is waived for international students. Caltech accepts both the Common Application and the Coalition Applicants. Applicants must also submit a $75 application fee or a fee waiver. In addition, applicants must submit either the SAT with writing or the ACT with writing, the SAT Subject Test in Math Level II, one SAT science subject test (biology [ecological], biology [molecular], chemistry, or physics), one evaluation from a math or science teacher, one evaluation from a humanities or social sciences teacher, the secondary school report, and academic transcripts. If you are international student, you must also submit your TOEFL scores and International Financial Aid Statement of Intent Form, which indicates whether or not you intend to apply for financial aid from Caltech. Note that Caltech is need sensitive when it comes to international students. Additionally, if you are an international student and plan to apply for aid, you are not permitted to apply under the Early Action program. Instead, you must submit your application for consideration under the Regular Decision program. Caltech neither requires nor reviews arts and music supplements . You may submit an additional recommendation from an individual, such as an extracurricular mentor or work supervisor, who can add another dimension to your application. Caltech asks that applicants submit no more than five total evaluations. If applicable, you may submit a scientific research paper you have published to Caltech. You will receive information on how to send such a paper to Caltech in your application confirmation email, once you have submitted your application.    Caltech does not offer merit scholarships, and financial aid is solely determined by the applicant’s need. Caltech meets the full demonstrated financial need of admitted students. Domestic students applying under the Early Action program must submit their CSS Profile and FAFSA by November 15, 2016. The Noncustodial Parent PROFILE, if applicable, and the IDOC are both due on January 6, 2017. California residents should ensure that their Cal Grant GPA Verification is submitted by March 2, 2017. The Caltech Scholarship Data Form is due by July 15, 2017. Domestic Early Action admittees will receive their financial aid offers in February. Domestic students applying under the Regular Decision program need to submit their CSS Profile February 1, 2016. Their FAFSA and Cal Grant GPA verification (if a California resident) must be submitted by March 2, 2017. The Noncustodial Parent PROFILE, if applicable, and the IDOC are due on March 2017 2017. The Caltech Scholarship Data Form is due by July 15, 2017. Domestic Regular Decision admittees will receive their financial aid offers in April. International students who are also applying for financial aid from Caltech must apply under the Regular Decision program. They are to submit the CSS Profile by February 1, 2017. If admitted, they must also submit the Caltech Scholarship Data Form by July 15, 2017. Admitted international students will receive their financial aid offers in April. The first section in the Caltech supplement to the Common App, titled â€Å"General†, asks a series of basic questions. You are asked which start term you plan to apply to (the only available answer is Fall 2017) and whether you plan to apply under the Early Action or the Regular Decision program. You are also asked if you intend to apply for financial aid from Caltech, and if you qualify for a Caltech specific fee waiver program. Caltech then asks if you are a U.S. citizen or a U.S. permanent resident. You also have the option of describing your sexual orientation and/or gender identity. The next series of questions focuses on academics. You are asked to indicate your proposed area of study at Caltech, and an alternate area of study. You can choose from any of Caltech’s majors. You should note that your response to this question is not binding, and is simply intended to give Caltech admissions officers a better idea of what you are interested in. The area of interest you indicate has no bearing on your application, and does not play any role in making your admissions decision. In this section, you also have the opportunity to list your scores in math exams like the AMC 12 or the AIME, if applicable. In the â€Å"Activities† section of the Caltech supplement, you are asked to list the extracurricular activities at Caltech that most interest you, in order of preference. You may choose from the following options: You are also asked to respond to the following short answer question in 200 words or less: What three experiences or activities have helped you explore your desire to study and possibly pursue a career in STEM? (200 words max) The next section, â€Å"Contacts†, contains only one question. Here, you are asked if you have previously applied to Caltech. If you respond affirmatively, you are then prompted to list the month and year in which you previously applied. In the â€Å"Family† section, you are first asked if you have any siblings applying to Caltech this year. If so, you are prompted to provide their information. You are also asked if any relatives have attended Caltech, and if any relatives have worked for Caltech. If you respond with â€Å"yes†, you are then asked if any of these relatives are a parent, grandparent, sibling, cousin, aunt, or uncle. If so, you are asked to then supply their information. The last section in the Caltech Supplement to the Common App asks a series of short answer and essay questions.

Behavioral finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Behavioral finance - Assignment Example Modern financial economics are pegged on the assumption that financial practitioners act both meticulously and with rationale. However as evidenced and earlier stated, this is not always the case. These deviations from the norm are not rampant and inherent but follow a systematic chain of events. With this information in mind it is possible to incorporate these systematic human deviations into the standard model of financial markets (Rutledge 264). In so doing, two commonly overlooked mistakes come to the foreground: Financial practitioners tend to indulge in excessive trading with belief that the next trade will rake in more lucrative returns. This is irrational trading and is propelled by emotion rather than rational thinking. The human trait of being too overconfident or corky in this case is the key driving motivation behind this bias. Some financial practitioners are also in the habit of holding on to losing stocks while at the same selling their winning stocks. This again is in stigated by lack of confidence and the need to avoid both failure and regrets coupled with poor judgments. Behavioral finance contributes to asset pricing in two major dimensions. These dimensions are reached upon by use of agents which may in them are not completely rational. These are: I. Limits to arbitrage This argues that the damage caused by irrational traders in their irrational deviations may be difficult, if not impossible to be undone by the more rational trades. The traditional asset-pricing model does not factor in market frictions and greatly undermined trading frictions like transaction cost, bid spread, ask spread etc. These forces have a great impact on asset returns and therefore should not be ignored. The limits to arbitrage create a model where mispricing exist for the simple reason that risk adverse arbitragers are not concerned mainly with the riskless values of an asset, but about the price of assets in periods following these irrational traders. This model con siders the cost of arbitrage more so the volatility returns and states that the habit of mispricing will inevitably dominate markets especially in the cases of highly volatile stocks whereby arbitragers may avoid the risky volatile position. Finding mispricing is a tasking affair and may involve institutional laws that should regulate the type of trade to be done. For instance short selling which is essential to effective arbitrage including cost of borrowing, legal fees and liquidity risk is not allowed in mutual and pension funds. Therefore there should exist a cap on the limits to arbitrage. II. Psychology: This helps in creating a continuum of deviations spurning from full rationality to completely irrational. The known concept of asset pricing therefore is in a very vibrant flux whereby there is a slow paradigm shift from the completely irrational approach to a more accommodating broader outlook based on the psychology of investors. Risk and misevaluations are therefore the two main determinants of the security expected returns. This is roughly based on a concept by Savage (183) which is a decision making method with imminent or existing risks in consideration. This concept is known as the Subjective Expected Utility whereby it is widely