The Rwandan Genocide And Ethnic Conflict - 1768 Words

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.0 Introduction The Rwandan genocide has been a topic of discussion and study by many scholars, researchers and humanitarian bodies seeking to find the root cause of its happening. Some found out that deterioration in the political climate was the possible cause. Others argued that the Hutu elite were only safeguarding their political power from the Tutsis who had, under the colonial rule, oppressed the Hutus. The genocide was seen to be the best platform for settling scores between the two ethnic groups. The purpose of the study is to find out whether the Rwandan genocide was as a result of ethnic hostilities or other underlying reasons while focusing on its impact on the country’s economic, social, cultural as well as political spheres. It will also seek to fill the gap of knowledge on what could be done to reduce the occurrence of such conflicts. The African governments play a critical role in ensuring that policies are put in place to promote cohesion among the different ethnic groups that constitute the nation. The role might not have been well played hence the occurrence of the Rwanda genocide which was a massive blow on the African country. Ethnic difference might occur but how the leaders deal with them paves way for either peace of conflict. Leaders are the starting point, form the remarks they make during political rallies to their postings on social media. The international humanitarian bodies have a role to play in peacekeeping,Show MoreRelatedRwandan Genocide And Ethnic Conflict3296 Words   |  14 Pages the state of Rwanda was hurled into chaos as genocides took the lives of 800,000 people . Began by the Hutu political elite and its military support, their main targets were the Tutsi, and Hutu moderates. Many have claimed â€Å"ethnic hatred† as the reason of the Rwanda Genocide and while an ethnic split existed in Rwanda during the conflict, the causes for the genocide are numerous and complicated. In examining the Rwanda Genocide as an ethnic conflict it is crucial that ethnicity be inspected as itRead MoreGhosts of Rwanda Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesRwanda Reflection Does the Genocide in Rwanda have a singular cause? I do not believe so; the cause of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was due to years of built up hatred between the Tutsis and the Hutus along with many other occurrences. The Rwandan Genocide is no exception with many variables contributing to the horrific events that took place. According to the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda, in 1994, Rwanda experienced a premeditated, systematic and state sponsored genocide with the aim of exterminatingRead MoreA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages Thousands of people died. The only reason is because they were a different political party. There are terrible economies. People are suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didn’t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didn’t want to spend the money. Thousands of people could still be al ive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. RwandaRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide : A Perspective Analysis Through Media1166 Words   |  5 PagesJordon Jones Genocides in Comparative Historical Perspective 01:090:292:01 Professor Douglas Greenberg Final Paper 6 December 2015 The Rwandan Genocide: A Perspective Analysis Through Media â€Å"The Tutsis are collaborators with the Belgian colonists. They stole our land. They whipped us. Now they have come back, these Tutsi rebels. They are murderers. They are cockroaches. Rwanda is our Hutu Land. We must squash the infestation. This is RTLM, Hutu Power Radio. Stay Alert. Watch your neighborsRead MoreThe Rwanda Of The Rwandan Defence Force904 Words   |  4 Pagesterrorism; ethnic violence and a lack of proper governance. Each conflict has its own individual history, perpetrators, victims and bystanders with difficult answers on how to solve them. The post-genocide nation of Rwanda witnessed one of the most horrific events a nation could experience, genocide. However, it has rebuilt itself to become an example nation for transitional justice, political stability and economic development. Rwanda’s military capabilities within the institute of the Rwandan DefenceRead More Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. Although the indigenous peoples of Rwanda are the TwaRead MoreCase Study: Rwanda Genocide Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesStudy: Rwanda The conflict in Rwanda is probably the most well known and documented case of genocide since the holocaust. Through years of discrimination based on ethnic and class based differences, the population of Rwanda has been constantly entrenched in periods of fighting, refuge and genocide. In the following essay we will explore the background of the conflict. Specifically the historical implications, the parties involved the reasons for the fighting and the result of conflict. Next we willRead MoreChristianity and Genocide in Rwanda800 Words   |  4 Pages Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda by Timothy Longman discusses the roles of the churches in Rwanda and how their influence might have been able to alter the outcome of the genocide. He discusses the rise of Juvenal Habyarimana in politics with his Catholic background, church and state relations, and obedience to political authority. His slogan â€Å"Peace, Unity, and Development† were his political plans for Rwanda. On April 6, 1994, president Juvenal Habyarimana’s plane was shot down marking the beginningRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide was one of the most violent genocides in the history of the world and was intricately planned and implemented by the ethnic group called the Hutu in an attempt to eliminate another, the Tutsis. Though the genocide lasted only one hundred days, the number of deaths is estimated to be approximately 800,000. In the wake of the genocide, mass chaos plagued the country of Rwanda, deepening the divide between the groups Hutu and Tutsi. Although it can be said the genocide was causedRead MoreWhat was the Cause of the Rwandan Genocide?1116 Words   |  5 PagesWhat was the cause of the Rwandan Genocide? The assassination of the president of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana on April 6, 1994, was the event that started the 100 Day massacre of the Tutsis by the Hutus, known as the Rwandan Genocide. The objective of this investigation is to find out the root of the cause of the Rwandan Genocide. The body of evidence will investigate the history of the conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups and the events leading up to the genocide. The evidence includes

Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(29) " to increased blood volumes\." The scenario concerns the survey of blood force per unit area scientific discipline and ordinance in the content of high blood pressure. Following, each aim is stated and so analyzed. A 31 twelvemonth old adult male goes to his GP because he has started to hold terrible concerns that come on all of a sudden at assorted times during the twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is a fiscal analyst who works in a bank in Canary Warf. Many of his co-workers have been made redundant but he has kept his occupation, although his line director has made it clear that he may lose it in the following few months if the state of affairs does non better. He says he works at least 15 hours a twenty-four hours and his matrimony is enduring because of this. He is seeking to give up smoke ( 1-2 battalions per twenty-four hours ) but the emphasis of work has made this hard. He goes with friends out to a wine saloon on a regular basis and admits to imbibing to a great extent one time or twice a hebdomad. Further oppugning reveals that his male parent died aged 61 from a shot. On scrutiny he is found to hold a BMI of 34 and a blood force per unit area of 190/125 mmHg. Retinal scrutiny shows some abnormalcies ( â€Å" silvering † ) in the blood vass. After look intoing the blood force per unit area reading on two farther occasions the GP suggests that his jobs are r elated to conceal blood force per unit area and refers him to the local high blood pressure clinic. After undergoing farther trials at the clinic he is started on drug therapy and given lifestyle advice. What is blood force per unit area and how is it regulated? Oxford medical dictionary defines blood force per unit area as â€Å" the force per unit area of blood exerted on the walls of blood vass † ( 1 ) . The maximal blood force per unit area exerted during systole when blood enters the aorta is called â€Å" systolic † whereas the minimal force per unit area exerted when aortal valves near during diastole is called â€Å" diastolic † . Figure 1 shows the alterations in force per unit area in aorta during cardiac rhythm bespeaking the systolic and diastolic force per unit areas. Fig. 1 – Systolic and diastolic force per unit areas ( 2 ) Blood force per unit area in the organic structure must be maintained in the normal degrees non merely to keep perfusion of blood to all the organic structure but besides to forestall unwanted complications due to high blood force per unit area. Therefore, the blood force per unit area should stay inside a scope of values. However, blood force per unit area frequently changes. During physical exercising higher force per unit area facilitates greater perfusion in the musculuss providing them with more O. Blood force per unit area depends on two chief parametric quantities: Cardiac end product ( C.O ) : Cardiac end product which is the sum of blood pumped from the bosom per minute depends on the shot volume and the bosom rate. Entire peripheral opposition ( T.P.R ) : It is the entire opposition exerted by the peripheral vasculature. This chiefly depends on the radius of the vass – narrower vass exert greater opposition. The above are linked with the undermentioned equation: M.A.P = C.O x T.P.R From the above relationship it is obvious that by altering the values of C.O or T.P.R the blood force per unit area ( average arterial force per unit area ) can alter every bit good. Based on this, three chief mechanisms are used to modulate blood force per unit area when it lies outside the normal scope: Neuronal system – Baroreceptors This is chiefly used for short term ordinance of blood force per unit area. Baroreceptors are detectors found in the internal carotid arteria ( carotid fistula ) and on the aorta ( aortal fistula ) ( 3 ) . These are detectors that can observe differences in stretch in these arterias bespeaking differences in blood force per unit area. These detectors are innervated by the Vagus ( X ) and glossopharyngeal ( IX ) nervousnesss which travel up to cardioinhibitory and vasomotor centre in the myelin of the encephalon. Increase in blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) increases the fire of baroreceptors to the vasomotor centre. This causes a lessening in the sympathetic nervous outflow doing relaxation of the arteriolas, therefore diminishing T.P.R. In add-on, the cardioinhibitory Centre increases the parasympathetic activity decelerating down the bosom rate, therefore cut downing C.O ( 4 ) . Consequently the M.A.P is decreased. The contrary applies when blood force per unit are a is low ( hypotension ) . Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the baroreceptor physiological reaction. Fig. 2 – Baroreceptor physiological reaction ( 5 ) Hormonal system – RAAS system This system is for longer term ordinance of blood force per unit area every bit good as blood volume. Figure 3 presents the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System. Aldosterone Secretion Angiotensinogen Angiotensin II Angiotensin I Fig. 3 – RAAS ( 6 ) In the kidneys Low Na concentration in the distal tubing, which indicates low blood force per unit area, is detected by sunspot densa cells. Furthermore, autumn in nephritic perfusion is detected by the juxtaglomerular setup. A bead in either of these two causes the release of renin from the kidney. In the pneumonic circulation renin is used to change over angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is so split into Angiotensin II which is a vasoconstrictive. It besides acts on the adrenal secretory organs to let go of aldosterone. Aldosterone is a endocrine that increases the synthesis of Na+/K+-ATPase, therefore increasing Na and H2O resorption. On the whole, this mechanism increases both the volume of the blood and T.P.R to overall increase the force per unit area ( 7 ) . Atrial Natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) This is once more a hormonal manner of blood ordinance. Specialized atrial myocytes can feel increased stretching of the atrial walls of the bosom due to increased blood volumes. You read "Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" These let go of the ANP endocrine which decreases the release of chymosin in the blood ensuing in a lessening in the activity of RAAS. In add-on, it causes increased force per unit area in the capsule of the kidney by coincident relaxation of the afferent arteriola and bottleneck of the motorial arteriola so as to increase glomerular filtration rate. Define and sort high blood pressure. How is high blood pressure measured? WHO on its ain definition of high blood pressure states the followers: â€Å" Blood force per unit area, like tallness and weight, is a uninterrupted biological variable with no cut-off point dividing normotension from high blood pressure. The uninterrupted relationship between the degree of blood force per unit area and cardiovascular hazard makes any numerical definition and categorization of high blood pressure slightly arbitrary. Therefore, a definition of high blood pressure is normally taken as that degree of arterial blood force per unit area associated with doubling of long-run cardiovascular hazard † ( 8 ) High blood pressure can be classified in different ways harmonizing to the standards of categorization. Depending on the cause high blood pressure is classified in ( 9 ) : Essential – Primary high blood pressure: the cause in unknown. Secondary high blood pressure: there is an underlying obvious cause. Depending on the existent blood force per unit area degrees, British Hypertension Society guidelines sort Hypertension as presented on the tabular array below ( Fig.4 ) : Fig. 4 – British Hypertension Society categorization of blood force per unit area degrees ( 10 ) Sphygmometer is used to mensurate blood force per unit area of the brachial arteria. However, a individual elevated reading on scrutiny does non bespeak high blood pressure. This might be due to anxiousness and addition of sympathetic activity. This state of affairs is called the â€Å" white coat syndrome † . As a consequence, blood force per unit area must be measured more than one time every bit good as measured at place when the patient is relaxed. What are the physiological causes of high blood pressure? To get down with, it is indispensable to understand the scientific discipline behind the haemodynamics in order to be able to understand the physiological causes of high blood pressure: Independently of the cause, high blood pressure develops as a effect of one of the followers: High Intravascular volume: This means that there is a high volume of blood in the circulation that increases the venous return in the bosom. Consequently, this increases the preload and therefore the C.O taking to elevated blood force per unit area as described in the first aim. High intravascular volume may be due to increased H2O and salt keeping because of high angiotonin II and aldosterone concentrations, or nephritic tissue harm. Increased venous return: In this instance the intravascular volume is normal but there is increased venous tone which once more increases the venous return to the bosom. Abnormal arterial wall: This implies either reduced radius of arterial lms or decreased conformity. The first is true in increased sympathetic activity and atheromatous plaques formation. The latter is true in reduced snap and collagen replacing due to increased age or harm due to substances such as smoke. Merely 5-10 % of instances have an underlying obvious cause of high blood pressure. As mentioned earlier high blood pressure is categorized based on cause as follows: Essential In indispensable high blood pressure there is no obvious cause for high blood force per unit area. There is a assortment of hazard factors taking to this type of high blood pressure that will be explained subsequently. Different researches over the old ages have concluded to some theories that might explicate indispensable high blood pressure. These are ( 11 ) : High sympathetic tone: Increased sympathetic tone even when the individual is relaxed causes vasoconstriction of the arteriolas and finally hypertrophy of the smooth musculus in the vass. High salt in diet: High salt in diet has been related to keeping of H2O, increased blood volume and therefore high blood pressure Stress: As in our instance, emphasis increases the activity of sympathetic system. Stress for long periods causes hypertrophy of smooth musculus in arteriolas and contracting of their lms so that high blood pressure remains even in stress free periods. A combination of the above may be. Secondary Secondary high blood pressure may hold several causes as explained below: Nephritic disease: On one manus secondary high blood pressure may be due to stricture of a nephritic arteria. This triggers the RAAS system and increases blood force per unit area. On the other manus there may be devastation of the nephritic tissue taking to inability of kidneys to egest necessary sum of H2O or salt taking once more to high blood pressure. Endocrinological tumors: Tumours of secretory organs that secrete endocrines such as aldosterone. Hyperaldosteroinism ( Conn ‘s syndrome ) can take to hyper-secretion of aldosterone doing greater resorption of H2O and Na than normal ( 12 ) . Congenital aortal deformity: This is constriction of aorta which is fundamentally the narrowing of aorta, ensuing in reduced nephritic perfusion and activation of the RAAS system Combined Oral preventive pills: This is a type of drug induced high blood pressure. In this instance oestrogen administrated as a portion of the preventive pill acts as a vasoconstrictive and besides increases angiotensinogen ( 4 ) . Eclampsia – Pregnancy: Although the grounds behind this are non wholly clear, pre-eclampsia may be due to placental disfunction every bit good as immune response of the female parent against the placental tissue conveying about high blood pressure ( 13 ) . Hazard factors There are a figure of hazard factors responsible for developing high blood pressure which have been supported by a assortment of surveies. A survey published on 2006 based on informations collected on a population of American Indians indicates some of the undermentioned as hazard factors for high blood pressure ( 14 ) . These can be extrapolated for the general population. Hazard factors are non merely familial but besides environmental factors. Most of the below are true in our PBL scenario: African lineage Sexual activity gender – males: A research published late on Hypertension diary provinces that mistake signals in commanding of the sympathetic system exist between the two genders giving differences in the controlling of blood force per unit area ( 15 ) . Increasing age Low societal category High salt consumption, high fat diet Stress Fleshiness Chronic conditions such as diabetes, nephritic diseases, sleep apnoea. High intoxicants intake Smoking No exercising What are the symptoms and what are possible complications of high blood pressure? High blood pressure is known as the â€Å" soundless slayer † as most of the times is symptomless until it develops sudden complications such as shots or bosom onslaughts that can take to decease ( 16 ) . Often, the high blood pressure is non detected until a random look into up modus operandi is taken. However some people may see the followers: Dizziness Blurred vision ( due to damage of the retina of the oculus ) Concern Long-standing high blood pressure will finally do coronary artery disease with all the possible effects of the disease. Furthermore, it causes reconstructing – hypertrophy of the bosom taking to more dangerous state of affairss. Serious complications of high blood pressure are: Nephritic decease ( 17 ) : It can take to weakened or narrowed blood vass in kidney impairing its map. Stroke: Vessels of the encephalon may split or non good perfused taking to stroke. Heart onslaught: The bosom has to work harder to pump blood against greater force per unit area. This may develop bosom failure and inability of the bosom to pump blood to cover organic structure ‘s demands. Aneurysms: May do pouching in arterias taking to tearing them Vision loss: Due to damage of the little fragile vass of the oculus. What are the intervention and lifestyle alterations for the patient? A combination of drug intervention and lifestyle alterations is necessary for bar of the complications listed above ( 18 ) . The following table lists interventions and the mechanism they work. Drug Category Drug name Mechanism ACE inhibitors Enalapril They block the transition of angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I and therefore barricade the RAAS. Diuretic drugs Thiazides They increase the sum of H2O and salts excreted in the piss so that they decrease blood volume. I ±-blockers Doxazosin They work by barricading I ±1-adrenoreceptors on the walls of blood vass so that they cause vasodilatation. I?-blockers Atenolol They block I?1- adrenoreceptors on the bosom diminishing bosom rate and shot strength, therefore diminishing cardiac end product and finally force per unit area. CaC blockers Nifedipine They block the Ca channels forestalling Ca come ining the cell. As a consequence they prevent vasoconstriction. In add-on to the drug therapy the patient has to watch his diet by cut downing the Na and fat consumption. Exercise should go portion of his life and surcease of smoke and restricting intoxicant ingestion are necessary. Patient has to restrict his emphasis every bit much as possible and regular monitoring of blood force per unit area can be life salvaging. How to cite Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Cases and Commentary on Tort

Question: Discuss about the Cases and Commentary on Tort. Answer: Introduction When one person fails to exercise the necessary care which a reasonable person would take in a similar case, it is the case of negligence. In case such negligence results in an injury or harm to the other person, the other person is eligible to remedies. These remedies are provided under the Tort Law in Australia (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). In the following segments, the various aspects of negligence applicable on the given case have been discussed. Case In the given case, Rebecca and Michelle drank wine to pass time. Rebecca knew that Michelle was very drunk and still, she accepted a ride home from her. Because of the dangerous driving of Michelle, an accident occurred in which Rebecca sustained serious injuries. Rebecca had asked Michelle to get out of the car twice. But Michelle did not listen to her and continued driving. The main issue in this case is the options available with Rebecca regarding the negligence of Michelle which resulted in serious injuries. As per the Common Law, the driver of a vehicle owes a duty of care to its passengers as well as the various users on the road. The Tort Laws holds a person in negligence when this duty of care is not discharged properly, especially when it results in an injury. However, the Common Law also holds that the aggrieved party owes the duty of care to take care of themselves. In case the plaintiff fails to discharge this duty, they are held liable on the basis of contributory negligence. When the injury is caused by the own fault of the plaintiff and partly because of the fault of the defendant, it is the case of contributory negligence (Magnus, et al., 2004). This concept holds that the injury was caused because the plaintiff did not take the necessary care for their own protection. And for this reason, the plaintiff cannot seek remedies against the defendant (Levinson, 2002). Volenti non fit injuria is one of the concepts where the defendant cannot be held liable for the mistakes of plaintiff. According to this concept, the plaintiff undertakes the risks voluntarily, even when they are aware that such risk may result in an injury. In the case of ICI Ltd v Shatwell [1965] AC 656, the House held that the actions of the plaintiff amounted to volenti non fit injuria (Swarb, 2016). The concept of volenti non fit injuria holds that the plaintiff has to take the responsibility for their action. And where their actions resulted in an injury, they cannot claim negligence under the Tort Law. In the case of Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 3 All ER 86, this concept was affirmed and the defendant was not held liable for the breach of duty of care towards its employees (Pearson, 2016). In the cases of drunk driving, the ability of the driver is impaired due to intoxication and results in accidents. When the plaintiff is also inebriated and accepts a ride from the drunk driver, it results in contributory negligence. Also, the concept of volenti non fit injuria applies on such passenger (Harvey and Marston, 2009). The passenger must take the necessary care for their own wellbeing. Voluntarily accepting lift from an intoxicated person proves that the necessary care was not taken to safeguard their own interests. The defendant also has a duty of care towards their passengers as they are ultimately in charge of the vehicle. Unless a plaintiff is aware about such intoxication, he cannot be held liable for a breach of duty of own care. And in these cases, the defendant is held liable for negligence. So, to establish the fault of defendant, the plaintiff has to show that they had no knowledge about the intoxication. The facts of the present case are identical to the case of Insurance Commissioner V Joyce [1948] HCA 17; (1948) 77 CLR 39 (Shircore, 2007). In this case, the High Court held that the defendant, who was an intoxicated driver, did not breach the duty of care towards his passengers. The judge held that the passenger knew that the driver was inebriated, and yet he voluntarily undertook the services of the driver. So, the passenger here cannot complain about the improper driving as there is no breach of duty in this case. Applying the above concepts and cases to the present case, it can be held that Rebecca would not succeed in her claim of negligence, for loss, against Michelle. Rebecca had voluntarily accepted the services of Michelle for dropping her home. Further, Rebecca was aware that both she and Michelle were drunk as they had consumed the liquor together. In order to successfully claim against Michelle, Rebecca needs to show that she had taken the necessary precautions to safeguard herself. Rebecca had twice asked to get out of the car and she can use this defense against the contributory negligence and volenti non fit injuria. This defense of Rebecca would not succeed. She had failed to take duty of care when she had the opportunity to do so. After watching Michelle driving dangerously she asked to stop her. But it is an established fact that an intoxicated driver is unable to drive properly as the driving gets impaired due to intoxication. So, Rebecca had already failed on the duty of care. Conclusion Based on the above application of the laws and the cases, it can be concluded that Rebecca does not have any remedy available with her on the basis of a claim of negligence, which resulted in a loss. Further, she would be held liable for volenti non fit injuria and contributory negligence. So, it is advised to Rebecca to not sue Michelle, as the Court would hold her equally guilty in the present case. References Shircore, M. (2007) Drinking, Driving And Causing Injury: The Position Of The Passenger Of An Intoxicated Driver. Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal, 7(2). Pearson. (2016) Defences to negligence. [Online] Pearson. Available from: https://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/Cooke_C09.pdf [Accessed on 15/09/16] Swarb. (2016) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd V Shatwell; Hl 6 Jul 1964. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/imperial-chemical-industries-ltd-v-shatwell-hl-6-jul-1964/ [Accessed on 15/09/16] Magnus, U. et al. (2004) Unification of Tort Law: Contributory Negligence. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Levinson, J. (2002). Contributory Negligence. UK: EMIS Professional Publishing Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 256-259 Singh, S.P. (2010). Law of tort: Including Compensation Under the Consumer Protection Act. 5th ed. New Delhi: universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., pp 32-43 Trindade, F.A., Cane, P., and Lunney, M. (2007). The Law of Torts in Australia. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

John Marshall and the Supreme Court free essay sample

Marshall always spoke very intelligently. When conversing with Marshall, Jefferson said, l never admit anything. Or you will be forced to grant his conclusion. (Glen non) He was easily able to discuss with the justices about not descending and politicking from the bench. Marshall spoke frequently about how the court should act and think as one. He succeeded in bringing the justices of the Supreme Court together the rough his intelligent speeches and persuasive manner.Marshals persuasive manner contributed to convincing the justices that writing one opinion instead of each justice writing his own would be more effective. This custom gave the judicial pronouncements a forceful unity they had formerly lacked (MouseKey 25). This change allowed Marshall to write the majority of the opinions. Out of 1 006 decisions Marshall wrote 508. One Of those decisions, judicial review, was the most important ever written. The Supreme Court had two choices as to what to do about Mammary vs. We will write a custom essay sample on John Marshall and the Supreme Court or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .Madison. They could order delivery of the commissions and risk being ignored or they could not support Mammary and look weak to all. This placed the court in a very compromising position but Marshall uses his immense intellect to gain the courts the respect and power it deserves. Marshall realized the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction over this case. Article 1 3 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the article that provides the court with the power to issue a writ of mandamus, is unconstitutional.This article is unconstitutional because original jurisdiction is defined in the Constitution and Congress does not have the power to add to it unless through a constitutional amendment. The court was in the delightful position, Job rejecting and assuming power in a single breath, for the Congress had tried to give the judges an authority they could not constitutionally accept and judges high-minded refusing (MouseKey 27). Marshall could have ended the case eight there but decided against that and managed to initiate the power the Supreme Court holds today.By denying the power to issue a writ of mandamus, Article 13 of the Jud iciary Act of 1 789, and then assuming the power to declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional, judicial review, the courts began receiving the respect and power they deserved. This provided the Supreme Court with the power of checks on legislative laws that were passed. It showed the general public that the courts do have power in the grand scheme things. Marshall supplied the Supreme Court with this vast power yet it wasnt used again until 857. The Supreme Court decision established the court as its own entity.Marshall used the decision to give the court independence from the other branches. It also gave the Supreme Court independence from state courts. The Supreme Court can now only hear cases specified in its original jurisdiction written in the Constitution. Marshall believed that if the Supreme Court had not established its independence the court system altogether would have collapsed. It would have been overpowered by the other branches of the government. Mammary vs.. Madison was very significant in shaping the Supreme Court the ay it is today.Today the Supreme Court deals with the agenda of the nation. The Supreme Court is the policy maker of the nation; making policies on issues such as abortion, affirmative action, and prayer in school. The Supreme Court Justices decide monumental cases such as Roe vs.. Wade. John Marshall was to the Supreme Court what George Washington was to the nation. George Washington made the nation something to be proud of as an American; John Marshall did the same for the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshal and his decision Of judicial review forever changed the court system.

History of the Textile Industry

History of the Textile Industry The major steps in the manufacture of textiles and clothes are: Harvest and clean the fiber or wool.Card it and spin it into threads.Weave the threads into cloth.Fashion and sew the cloth into clothes. Great Britains Lead in Textile Machinery During the early eighteenth century, Great Britain was determined to dominate the textile industry. Laws forbade the export of English textile machinery, drawings of the machinery, and written specifications of the machines that would allow them to be constructed in other countries. Britain had the power loom, a steam-powered, mechanically-operated version of a regular loom for weaving. Britain also had the spinning frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns at a faster rate. Meanwhile the stories of what these machines could do excited envy in other countries. Americans were struggling to improve the old hand loom, found in every house, and to make some sort of a spinning machine to replace the spinning wheel by which one thread at a time was laboriously spun. American Failures with Textile Machinery and the American Textile Industry Flounders In 1786, in Massachusetts, two Scotch immigrants, who claimed to be familiar with Richard Arkwrights British-made spinning frame, were employed to design and build spinning machines for the mass production of yarn. The inventors were encouraged by the U.S. government and assisted with grants of money. The resulting machines, operated by horse power, were crude, and the textiles produced irregular and unsatisfactory. In Providence, Rhode Island another company tried to build spinning machines with thirty-two spindles. They worked badly and all attempts to run them by water-power failed. In 1790, the faulty machines were sold to Moses Brown of Pawtucket. Brown and his partner, William Almy, employed enough hand-loom weavers to produce eight thousand yards of cloth a year by hand. Brown needed working spinning machinery, to provide his weavers with more yarn, however, the machines he bought were lemons. In 1790, there was not a single successful power-spinner in the United States. How Did the Textile Revolution Finally Happen in the United States? The textile industry was founded by the work and importance of the following businessmen, inventors, and inventions: Samuel Slater and MillsSamuel Slater has been called both the Father of American Industry and the Founder of the American Industrial Revolution. Slater built several successful cotton mills in New England and established the town of Slatersville, Rhode Island. Francis Cabot Lowell and Power LoomsFrancis Cabot Lowell was an American businessman and the founder of the worlds first textile mill. Together with inventor Paul Moody, Lowell created a more efficient power loom and a spinning apparatus. Elias Howe and Sewing MachinesBefore the invention of the sewing machine, most sewing was done by individuals in their homes, however, many people offered services as tailors or seamstresses in small shops where wages were very low. One inventor was struggling to put into metal an idea to lighten the toil of those who lived by the needle. Ready-Made Clothing It was not until after the  power-driven sewing machine  was invented, that factory production of clothes and shoes on a large scale occurred. Before sewing machines, nearly all clothing was local and hand-sewn, there were tailors and seamstresses in most towns that could make individual items of clothing for customers. About 1831, George Opdyke (later Mayor of New York) began the small-scale manufacture of ready-made clothing, which he stocked and sold largely through a store in New Orleans.  Opdyke was one of the first American merchants to do so. But it was not until after the power-driven sewing machine was invented, that factory production of clothes on a large scale occurred. Since then the clothing industry has grown. Ready-Made Shoes The Singer machine of 1851 was strong enough to sew leather and was adopted by shoemakers. These shoemakers were found chiefly in Massachusetts, and they had traditions reaching back at least to Philip Kertland, a famous shoemaker (circa 1636) who taught many apprentices. Even in the early days before machinery, division of labor was the rule in the shops of Massachusetts. One workman cut the leather, often tanned on the premises; another sewed the uppers together, while another sewed on the soles. Wooden pegs were invented in 1811 and came into common use about 1815 for the cheaper grades of shoes: Soon the practice of sending out the uppers to be done by women in their own homes became common. These women were wretchedly paid, and when the sewing machine came to do the work better than it could be done by hand, the practice of putting out work gradually declined. That variation of the sewing machine which was to do the more difficult work of sewing the sole to the upper was the invention of a mere boy, Lyman Blake.  The first model, completed in 1858, was imperfect, but Lyman Blake was able to interest Gordon McKay, of Boston, and three years of patient experimentation and large expenditure followed. The McKay sole-sewing machine, which they produced, came into use, and for twenty-one years was used almost universally both in the United States and Great Britain. But this, like all the other useful inventions, was in time enlarged and greatly improved, and hundreds of other inventions have been made in the shoe industry. There are machines to split leather, to make the thickness absolutely uniform, to sew the uppers, to insert eyelets, to cut out heel tops, and many more. In fact, division of labor has been carried farther in the making of shoes than in most industries, for there about three hundred separate operations in making a pair of sh oes.

Irrealis Were - Definition and Examples

Irrealis 'Were' s Definition In English grammar, irrealis involves the  use of were with a  subject  in the  first-person  singular or third-person singular  to  refer to an unreal or hypothetical condition or eventone thats not true or that hasnt occurred (e.g., If I  were  you, Id go home). In contrast to the more common use of were as a past-tense form (e.g., They were lost), irrealis were is a nontensed mood form, similar to the subjunctive. Irrealis  were  is sometimes called the were-subjunctive or (somewhat misleadingly) the past subjective. As Huddleston and Pullum point out, Irrealis were does not refer to past time, and there is no synchronic reason to analyse it as a past tense form (The Cambridge Grammar Of The English Language, 2002). Defined more broadly, irrealis refers to an event that hasnt occurred (or at least hasnt yet occurred), while realis refers to an event that has occurred. Examples and Observations I was telling Grant that  if I were an  alien and I came down to earth from some far-off planet, there are a few things I would notice about people, and the first thing I would notice is the way they looked, that is, if people looked different on my planet.(Donald Miller, Blue Like Jazz. Thomas Nelson, 2003)Roxanne stood talking to him with one long-nailed hand on his shoulder, the other at her hip as  if she were a  model at a trade show trying to sell him the grill.(Kate Milliken, The Whole World.  If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013)They took to looking at him as  if he were  on the other side of a dirty window.(Kate Milliken, Inheritance.If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013) If I werent  so broke and unsettled, Id adopt a dog tomorrow.(Andrea Meyer, Room for Love. St. Martins Griffin, 2007) Moodiness: The Subjunctive and the Irrealis Were Traditional grammarians get tripped up by the verb be because they have to squeeze two different forms, be and were (as in If I were free), into a single slot called subjunctive. Sometimes they call be the present subjunctive and were the past subjunctive, but in reality theres no difference in tense between them. Rather, the two belong to different moods: whether he be rich or poor is subjunctive; If I were a rich man is irrealis (not real). . . . In English [the irrealis] exists only in the form were, where it conveys factual remoteness: an irrealis proposition is not just hypothetical (the speaker does not know whether it is true or false) but counterfactual (the speaker believes its false). Tevye the Milkman [in the musical Fiddler on the Roof] was emphatically not a rich man, nor were Tim Hardin, Bobby Darin, Johnny Cash, or Robert Plant (all of whom sang If I Were a Carpenter) in any doubt as to whether they were carpenters. Counterfactual, by the way, need not mean outlandisho ne can say If she were half an inch taller, that dress would be perfectit just means known to be not the case. (Steven Pinker, The Sense of Style. Viking, 2014) An Exceptional Form This use of were is highly exceptional: there is no other verb in the language where the modal remoteness meaning is expressed by a different inflectional form from the past time meaning. The irrealis mood form is unique to be, and limited to the 1st and 3rd person singular. It is an untidy relic of an earlier system, and some speakers usually, if not always, use preterite was instead. (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum,  A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2005) AlsoSee Past SubjunctiveSubjunctive Mood

How far neuromarketing can go ethically Literature review

How far neuromarketing can go ethically - Literature review Example The key source to win such intensive battle i.e. capturing target audience’s attention was the use of highly targeted communication based on effective and thorough research along with the integration of science (4imprint, 2010). Traditionally, marketers and advertisers utilised focus groups and interviews to gain insights regarding the needs and wants of the consumers. With such techniques/tools, the marketers were able to read the mind of the consumers by gauging the responses which provided them with superiority in the marketplace. But with the changes in consumer-driven marketplace, organisations have started seeking out new methods and ways to gather consumer opinions and reactions regarding a particular brand in the marketplace (4imprint, 2010). With the improvements in technology, and with increasing research of the marketers, the result has been presented in the form of neuromarketing. Neuromarketing has been highly used and it has been estimated that the usage of neuro marketing will be increasing with the passage of time. It may sound futuristic, but with the advancement of technology in this new era, marketers have been provided with an opportunity to tap into the minds of the consumers. Not only this, these new technologies allow the marketers to scientifically understand the needs and desires of the consumers. With the integration of thorough research and science i.e. (technology), marketers and advertisers have gradually enhanced their ability to exactly pinpoint the reasons and causes due to which people tend to purchase a product. In addition, such technologies have uncovered the response of brain to various advertisement and marketing tactics (4imprint, 2010). Technology that organisations once fantasised is now a reality which has constantly helped the giant organisations like Campbell’s Soup and Pepsi to enhance their brand image along with the marketing of their products (4imprint, 2010). The concept of Neuromarketing came into e xistence almost a decade ago by an Atlanta Advertisement firm i.e. Bright house in June 2002, with a specific aim. The main aim of Neuromarketing was marketing research (Fisher et al., 2009). With the help of neuromarketing, the organisation was able to enhance its knowledge regarding the needs and desire of the customers along with the buying behavior of the consumers in the market. As Neuromarketing is a combination of neuroscience and marketing practices, it provides the organisation with perfect opportunity to understand, predict and eventually control human behavior. As indicated by Fisher et al. (2009) that the problem is based on the fact that such integration of sciences and research is quite unclear that is it only an academic field of research or business practices despite the advantages and benefits associated with neuromarketing through which organisations were able to predict human behavior and eventually consumer behavior. Similarly, Murphy et al. (2008) that several n euromarketing companies claim that with the help of neuromarketing, the organisations would be able to fully understand the buying behavior of consumers but on the other hand, very little academics and scientific approaches validate such claims. The question that has risen is whether such neuromarketing is another trick of marketers and advertisers to manipulate the demands of the products or it is just a practice to